Even the most closed people engaged in a purely technical sphere are forced to continuously contact someone. And they need up-to-date knowledge from the field of scientific psychology about what individuals can they meet. Even more important is such information for managers, for employees of personnel departments, enterprise security services.
Identification in psychology
One of the first researchers who seriously approached the establishment of a personality typology was the famous Karl Gustav Jung. It was he who noticed that the discrepancies between the predictions of psychological theories and real practices are related to the peculiarities of specific people. The famous psychiatrist and theoretics of psychological studies proceeded from the fact that there are so-called archetypes, that is, elements of collective unconscious, cultural congenital structures. Jung believed that the revenues were hidden in deep layers of the unconscious, far beyond what was usually considered to be a person. He argued that men had separate "female" archetypes, and women, respectively, "men's" archetypes.
But besides the general definition of the personality structure, Jung introduced its classification.
Just this specialist suggested division on extroverts and introverts. The first is focused on interaction with the outside world, and the second - on purely internal experiences. Contrary to popular belief, an outstanding psychologist did not associate directly these statuses and the level of sociability. Extravert, according to Jung, rather poorly controlling internal mental processes, simply because it pays little attention to them.
Such a person for the most part tries to change the external circumstances, and not his attitude towards them. For extroverts, the priority of collective and holistic over the individual start and private moments is typical. The introverts focus on internal mental processes. They love to contemplate their thoughts and analyze the experiences, motifs, correct mistakes. But it should not be considered that the introvert is always an egoist - special studies have shown the infidelity of such judgment.
Jung conducted a classification not only by extrovertness and intravert. He divided people to rational and irrational types. The essence is no longer whether the main role is played by external or internal moments, and in how they are comprehended. A rational person has a clearly formulated approach, which may vary depending on the situation, but very slowly and only with good circumstances. Such a person is prudent and careful, acts most often consistently, on a clear scheme.
The irrational part of people is characterized by increased sensitivity, reacts to everything emotionally. This reaction is often ahead of rational understanding and even prevents it. Reasonable arguments on such personalities are very weak, but strongly affecting sympathy and antipathy. Jung also took into account such property properties, as sensations and intuition. But his system classification system is not the only one that is used in practice - there are more common approaches.
4 psychotype for temperament
The most familiar option for classifying identity types is the selection of 4 temperaments. This is called the system of human properties caused in many ways to physiologically and expressed in psychological processes, phenomena. Only with great difficulty and for a short time it is possible to consciously behave not as the temperament is made. For a long time, it will still break into the surface.
Temperament is laid at the genetic level.
Sanguinik
This human type easily enters into contacts with children and is characterized by cheerfulness. Sanguins are not difficult to switch from one area of activity to another, adapt to non-standard setting. Usually such people speak loudly and quickly, facial expressions and gestures clearly express experienced emotions. Sanguines are extremely needed that all the time there is something new and fresh, then they have an interest in the surrounding life. It is at such moments that the people of this temperament are perceived by others as active, active, capable "folding the mountains".
But everything changes when Sanguins have to do long-term work. Then interest in business quickly weakens, imputed indifference and lethargy. Only very disciplined or delivered to the rigid frames of the Sanguines do not demonstrate boredom clearly. Emotions in such people do not differ in a special depth, they can change the opposite mood in a very short time. And still dominates a positive attitude.
Choleric
Like representatives of the Sanguine type, these people are distinguished by increased activity and sociability. But between them there is a serious difference. The cholerics are even less balanced than Sanguins, they differ in enlarged excitability and quick-tempered. Where some are detained, other gusts and easily annoyed. Gestures are characterized by sharpness, and even the facial expressions even nonspecialists will easily guess about the really experienced emotion.
Cholerics can be taken for work, for a different matter with the greatest enthusiasm, make a lot of effort. Serious difficulties are unlikely to just stop them. However, it is necessary to take into account that at a choleric temperament, the supply of nerve strength can quickly and suddenly squeeze. Sometimes the idea is thrown halfway or at least sharply change the approach, attract new helpers. Choleric when communicating with others hard to behave correctly, to restrain irritation if something does not suit them.
With such a temperament, it is extremely difficult to approach others objectively. In the event of any misconduct, violation of obligations, even the smallest, they often break off, tear the relationship. Communicate with choleric thawing and hard. It is difficult for them to recognize the fallacy of the decision made and "play back".
It is necessary for people themselves to restrain themselves, and others treat them tolee.
Phlegmatic person
The peculiarity of this character of man is slowness and equilibrium. All actions are detected calm and thoughtfulness. Once the work started is trying to bring to a logical completion, even if you have to make a lot of effort and overcome difficulties. But it is necessary to understand that such success is achieved somewhat slower than people with other temperaments. Emotions in phlegmatics are weakly pronounced, to recognize them quite hard.
The community is moderate: To talk to anyone is not difficult, but also there is no particularly acute need for communication. The mood changes slowly, usually set immediately for the whole day. Very serious events should occur so that it has changed quickly. Exposure and composure in the most difficult situations - a strong feature of phlegmatics. However, they have problems: often the behavior is sluggish and inert, to many things there is an indifferent attitude.
Melancholic
The last of four temperaments, like phlegmatic, is characterized by a slow motion of mental processes. Integrate in any melancholic, to motivate them into active activities, especially conjugate with great efforts and losses, it is extremely difficult. Emotions are developing gradually, but can reach great depths. Insult, it is very easy to hurt melancholics (although external manifestations are weak).
Such people:
- often closed in themselves;
- difficult to master completely new and unusual;
- Could act effectively if the situation is well mastered.
In antiquity, the principles of selection of temperament types were fantastic: they were associated with the predominance of certain fluids in the body. Only in the XIX-XX centuries, it became possible to identify such features of a person as manifestations of one or another type of nervous system. Thanks to the research I. P. Pavlov, it was found that the main factor affecting the temperament is how strong the nervous system is. Also take into account the speed of shift excitation and braking.
By Pavlov, there are 4 varieties of the nervous system:
- weak (slowing down, and braking) are melancholic;
- Strong (easily irritated, moderately slowly slows down) - choleric;
- Strong balanced - Sanguines;
- Strong balanced with slow motion of mental processes - phlegmatic.
Such a characteristic, as power, also has a completely material nature.
It expresses the readiness of nervous cells to work in a tense mode for some time without the need for rest. It is believed that the stronger the nervous system, the higher the sustainability of the person to stress. If this power is great, people can almost no problem act even in unfavorable and unpredictable conditions. They can restore forces in a short time, then return to the previous lesson without any special difficulties.
Recognize all types of psyche, including unstable, can be on external signs and behavioral features. So, Sanguiniki for the most part:
- medium or lower height;
- differ in broad bone;
- have extra weight;
- Have a slightly rounded forehead.
FLEGMTICS Outwardly, the bogaty bodies are slow and reasonable, have a square or rectangular torso. There are such people confidently and calmly. Flegmatic bodies are dense and massive. Of negative properties, you can note the tendency to obesity. The limbs are small or medium length.
Cholerics are constantly moving, with difficulty sit in place. Externally look like fragile and thin people with a pointed chin. Cheer's checkers are also sharpened. The tip of the nose is located below its base. The nose form itself is very clear, well recognized from afar.
Melancholic's face - sophisticated; If there is no special reason for joy, you can easily catch a strong melancholy in the view. A typical melancholic Hood is relatively thin and elongated in the length of the bone, muscle. Taz is wide, but the waist is narrow. Another pronounced feature is the sharp angle formed by the ribs. All these patterns are displayed statistically, so judgments about the temperament of a person in its appearance are often erroneous.
It should be borne in mind that in "pure form", the temperatures described are extremely rare.
Prepared psychologists take into account a number of main properties in their classification:
- sensitivity;
- the severity of the reaction;
- ability to change;
- inertness level.
Professionals also consider that leadership characteristics may appear from representatives of any temperament. It depends on what type of tasks should be solved as far as it is global, whether novelty is dominant or routine moments. Opinion about melancholics as idlers little is meaningful. Often they are thinking, simply without demonstrating emotions.
Hysterical antics can be happening to everyone, even those who are usually considered a calm and cold-blooded person; Creativity also does not have a tight binding to temperament.
16 compliant types
In addition to temperaments, there is still division into groups allocated by socionics. Specialists in it are focused on three points:
- perception of incoming information;
- Features of its processing;
- The specifics of interaction with the external environment.
Socialistic psychological types are pronounced brightly and figuratively. So, "Dostoevsky" They are distinguished by good upbringing and tact, compassion for those who are weaker. They know how to understand the features of other people, very quickly and easily evaluate who, with whom and in what respect is. "Don Quixhotes" behave irrationally, easily break well-established patterns. Such a person in any situation detects several ways of action and quickly takes the right decision.
"Don Quixhotes" Capable to see the hidden potential in every little thing. They skillfully use any weakness of the opponent, and any valuable property of the subject, and a favorable chance, which granted even for a while. Sociotype "Yesenin" is characterized by the ability to feel, even in many ways intuitively, the most convenient moment for one or another step. "Yesenina" is easier than other people, to predict the further development of events.
Sociotype "Stirlitz" Notable in that it is able to act and offline, and as an organizer is equally efficient. For such people, it is still characteristic of the ability to perform their work most comfortable way, even in an unfavorable, alarming setting.
Sociotype "Jack London" It characterizes a person who belongs to all pragmatically, from the position of the benefit or damage. Any information, anyone encountered on a life path, free time and so on - all this is estimated as a resource to achieve a goal or a hindrance in solving the task. But "Hamlet" is sharply emotional, even the weak emotions of other people are able to catch; This will use this ability to push to the desired side.
"Robespierre" differ in three properties:
- strict punctuality;
- responsibility in front of him and others;
- Tract for justice.
If a person puts personal comfort and harmony in the surrounding space, then "Gaben" . Representatives of such a sociotype feel good in a relatively ordered setting, but the conquest of new heights, the study of previously unknown to them is hardly suitable. So-called "Balzac" There is no problem and disadvantages where others do not notice them. But it is this property that can deliver a lot of problems.
Often his statements are estimated as cynical, coarse, and he himself - as an unreasonable pessimist.
Type of "Huxley" Also can notice hidden from other people, but it is already about implicit opportunities. Ethical considerations are more valuable for them than logic designs. Often "hexley" put forward frankly fantastic ideas and ideas. They are characteristic of curiosity. Memory is usually very strong.
"Maxims are bitter" - The obvious opposite of "hexley." A similar person in the first place puts logic. Nothing amazing: he knows how to recognize the causal relationship like no other. Dominates in all respects rational thinking. And here "Driver" - Something intermediate. For such people, logic is important, but they try to follow the strict moral principles, and if they notice the retreat from them, they criticize it immediately.
Type of "Duma" - This is an introvert, preferring to consider the world surrounding. Comfortable atmosphere is needed in any case. Than a harmonious environment, the better. Sociotype "Napoleon" fully corresponds to the characteristic of the famous commander. It is characterized by a strong will, perseverance in achieving their goal and the ability to go to her, even if the situation is unfavorable.
But type "Zhukov" It is incorrect, on the basis of a black myth, is hardly having real historical foundations. This is called in socionics of excessively egoistic people. Feature - the desire to achieve the task of any price and strictly at a certain point.
Finally, it is worth saying psychotype "Hugo" which is characterized by cheerfulness and energetic. Such people are invariably positive even in trifles, pleasant in communication.
People in conflict situations
But whatever gradation of personalities was considered, all the properties described above are manifested only in a normal working and everyday situation. And anyone sooner or later has to participate in various conflicts. Behavior in such a situation also allows people to classify people. The concept of the Obozov received a certain distribution. The so-called "practices" always try to attack more efficiently.
If they are involved in the conflict, then it is often delayed and exacerbated. This is due to the fact that the practitioner always tries to adjust the position of those around the desired way. Small clashes are perceived by them superficially as something insignificant. Therefore, the relationship after a quarrel can be impaired until the final tissue.
The complete opposite of practitioners are "interlocutors".
These people are trying to preserve good relationships until the latter and fully communicate. For this purpose, everyone is ready to donate part of their own comfort or positions, not to take advantage of certain advantages during the conflict. Arguments in the dispute are picking carefully, trying to avoid sharp attacks and transitions on personality. The "interlocutor" immediately notices who thoughts. He is ready to take the opinion of another person and even cooperate with those who think fundamentally otherwise.
The third type of access is "thinker". A similar person tries to have the most clear idea of himself, about other people and about the outside world. When the thinker participates in conflict, he does not seek to respond first or under the influence of emotions. On the contrary, carefully constructs the argument system, trying to make it logically flawless and invulnerable to criticism. Caution thinkers are less characteristic than interlocutors.
Demonstrative
Along with the three-star Obozovskaya system, there is also a division of conflict people into four types. The demonstrative person always seeks to be in the center of universal attention. For him, the subjective opinion of others is very important. The demonstrator can adapt to the changing setting. Because of the characteristics of behavior, it often provokes the beginning of collisions, although it may not be aware or denyed.
Regional
Such people are characterized by suspicion and excessively high self-esteem. If it is not confirmed by its own significance in one way or another, "the day will live in vain." The rigid man is inclined to go to his goal to the end, without considering the changed situation. Moreover, the needs and suffering of other people for him have little importance. If some act or inaction at a certain point helps to achieve the goal, rigid people with difficulty will agree to admit it wrong, reconsider their assessments.
Unguided
Representatives of this type are characterized by impulsiveness and weak self-control. Even they themselves can not always predict how to behave after some time or in certain circumstances. Norms and decency for such a person have the meaning only to the extent to which violation of their condemnation and sanction. Sometimes, however, even the probability of severe punishment for one or another act does not stop them.
An uncontrollable person prefers to accuse others and external circumstances even in cases where his wines are completely obvious.
Ultravenic
For the heads, such a sociotype of the subordinate is attractive in scrupulousness in work and increased demands. But at the same time, everything with whom a similar person interacts is quickly aware of his pickyness even on unnecessary nuances. For a urgent personality, another anxiety is characterized, the constant fear of what something goes wrong. In case of any failure, accusations and self-evidence begin, the search for interfering people or provocateurs. Nervous breakdowns are likely or even psychosomatic disorders on this soil.
How to determine your psychological affiliation?
To begin with, it should be realized that all of the above is largely conditionally. Absolutely identical people do not exist, and even temperament or character properties can change over time. The first step in determining the psychological affiliation is self-surveillance. When analyzing actions, you need to pay attention to:
- tendency to participate in conflicts;
- strategy for such participation;
- preferred type of activity;
- decision-making speed;
- sharpness of judgment;
- The ability to change your opinion or the absence of such ability.
On how to determine the psychotype of the person, see the next video.