Vanhu vazhinji chaizvo fungidzirai simbi uye aluminium, sirivheri nendarama. Asi pane zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvinotamba zvishoma chikamu chidiki muhupenyu hwenyika yemazuva ano, asi chiziviso chisina kujairika pakati pevasiri-nyanzvi. Izvo zvakakosha kuti ugadzirise iyi yekudhirowa, uye kusanganisira kudzidza zvese nezve Irria.
Zveshuwa
Pakarepo zvakakodzera kutaura izvozvo Ididium isimbi. Naizvozvo, izvo zvine zvese izvo zvivakwa izvo zvakafanana nezvimwe simbi. Chinhu chemakemikari akadaro inoratidzwa neiyo musanganiswa weLatin ir mavara. MuTafura yeMendeEEE ANOTENDA 77 cell. Kuvhurwa kwe irdilia kwakaitika muna 1803, mumhando yeiyo fundo yakafanana, umo muridzi wechiRungu wetsiva akagoverwa nzvimbo yeOsm.
Iyo yekutanga zvishandiso zvekugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakadaro zvakashandiswa platinum kununurwa kubva kuSouth America. Pakutanga, masimbi akagoverwa muchimiro chechikara, icho "chisina kutora" "tsarist vodka". Chidzidzo icho chakaratidza kuvapo kwezvinhu zvakati wandei zvaimbozivikanwa zvisingazivikanwe. Chinhu chakagashirwa zita rake rekutaura nekuti munyu wake unotaridzika semuraraungu.
Zviri mukati meIdidium mune zvakasikwa ndezvekusarudzika, uye iyi ndeimwe yezvinhu zvisingawanzo zvepanyika pasi.
Chemakemikari yakacheneswa ididium haina muraraunzi ruvara. Asi nekuda kwayo, ruvara rwesirivha runyararo ruchinyatsotaridzika. Zvivakwa zvine chepfu hazvisimbiswe. Nekudaro, makomendi emunhu eIdidium anogona kunge aine njodzi kuvanhu. Kunyanya chepfu fluoride yeiyi chinhu.
Nhamba yemabhizimusi eRussia uye yekune dzimwe nyika anoitwa mukugadzirwa uye kushayikwa kweIrida. Zvinenge zvakazara kugadzirwa kwesimbi iyi chigadzirwa cheplatinum zvakabikwa zvinhu. Kunyangwe Ididium uye kwete yepepuru, ine mune yakasikwa fomu 2 isotope. 191St uye 193th zvinhu zvakasimba. Asi akataura radioctive zvimiro zve asi ane nhamba yeiyo yakawanikwa isootoes, hupenyu hwavo hushoma.
Zvivakwa
Zvemuviri
Simba uye kuomesa kwe irdilia kwakakwira kwazvo. Izvo hazvigoneke kuita muchina kugadzirisa iyi simbi. Kungwara Ichi chinhu cheririyo-chena ruvara rwakakura zvakakwana. Nyanzvi Tenda Ididium kune iyo Platinamu boka. Kuomarara pamasoos chiyero ndeye 6.5. Iyo yekunyungudika pfungwa mumadhigiri anosvika 2466 degrees. Yakabikwa Ididium, zvisinei, inotanga chete kuma4624 degrees. Kupisa kwekunyungudika kwakaenzana 27610 J / Mol. Kupisa kweBooling ndeye 604000 J / Mol. Iyo molar vhoriyamu yenyanzvi yakatemwa pamwero we8,54 cubic meters. Ona mole.
Iyo Crystal Lattice yeChinhu ichi ndeyebhiti, verthics ye cube ndiyo kumeso kwemakristasi. Chidimbu che191st isootope account ye37.3% yeIridia maatomu. Iyo yasara 62.3% inomiririrwa ne193 is istope. Kuwedzeredza kwechinhu ichi (kana neimwe nzira, chikamu) chinosvika pamazana maviri nemakumi mana nemashanu ne1 m3.
Mune fomu yayo yakachena, simbi haisi yemagineti, uye dhigirii remhando yematomu emapuranga mune dzakasiyana siyana dzinobatanidza kubva pa1 kusvika ku6.
Makemikari
Asi maatomu edidium pachawanzo pinda mune chero maitiro. Ichi chinhu chinosiyaniswa neyekutsanangurwa kwemakemikari pasiturity. . Izvo hazvinyungunuri mumvura uye hazvichinje mune imwe nzira, kunyangwe nekugara kwenguva refu nemhepo. Kana tembiricha yechinhu iri pasi pemadhigirii zana, saka hazvizopinde mukuita kunyange ne "Royal vodka", kwete kutaura zvimwe acids uye kusanganisa kwavo. Maitiro acho ane fluorine anogoneka kuma400 madhigirii, zvekuita neClorine kana Sulfa, iwe uchafanirwa kudziya chirwere cheIridi.
4 Chloride anozivikanwa umo nhamba yeklorine maatomu inosiyana kubva ku1 kusvika ku4. Mhedzisiro yeokisijeni inoonekwa pane tembiricha isina kuderera pane 1000 madhigirii. Chigadzirwa chekudyidzana chakadaro ndiIridium dioxide - chinhu chinonzwisiswa mumvura. Izvo zvinokwanisika kuwedzera solubility ne oxidation uchishandisa iyo yakaoma mumiririri. Dhigirii repamusoro-soro remhando mune zvakajairika mamiriro anogona chete kuwanikwa muIsidium Hexfluoride.
Pakudziya kwakaderera, makomendi ane valence 7 uye 8 kuoneka Izvo zvinoratidzwa kuti simbi yakasimba kwazvo inogona kubvisa hydrochloric acid yakazara neokisijeni. Basa rakakosha revemakemikist rakabatanidzwa:
- hydroxides;
- chloride;
- Malida;
- oxide;
- Carbonilas irdia.
Maitiro Ekuita Mari?
Kuwana Ididium mune zvakasikwa kwakanyanya kuoma kwazvo kusavimbika. Mune yepakati yepakati, iyi simbi inogara ichisanganiswa nezvinhu zvinowirirana. Kana chinhu ichi chikaonekwa kumwe kunhu, saka platinum kana simbi kubva muboka rayo ndezvekuti iri pedyo. Mamwe maOres ane nickel uye mhangura inosanganisira chirwere cheIridium mune yakafukidzwa fomu. Chikamu chikuru chechinhu ichi chinobviswa kubva pane oblique nyaya mu:
- CHAMHEMBE AFRIKA;
- Kanadha;
- North American California State;
- deposits pachitsuwa cheTasmania (inayo neAustralia Union);
- Indonesia (pachitsuwa cheKalimantan);
- Matunhu akasiyana eChitsuwa cheGuinea nyowani.
Yakavhenganiswa ne Osmimia Ididium inonzi mineed mune yekare makomo ekuunganidza mune nyika dzakafanana. Basa rakanyanyo mumusika wepasi rose rinogarwa nemakambani kubva Chamhembe Afrika . Hazvisi zvekuvandudza mune ino nyika zvakananga zvinobata zvakananga chiyero chekuda uye mazano, izvo hazvigone kutaurwa nezve zvigadzirwa kubva kune mamwe matunhu epasi. Maererano nepfungwa dzesainzi dziripo, raramo reIridi
Nekudaro, chikamu chevanyengeri havabvumirani neizvi. Vanosimbirira kuti chikamu chidiki chete cheese Irchia deposits zvinoongororwa uye zvakakodzera kukudziridza padanho rezvidzidzo zvazvino. Iwo ma deposits akaonekwa mune yakadzika generalogation ine zvikamu zvakasiyana zveIdidium mazana emamwe kupfuura mabhureki akatogadzirwa.
Anomalies akadaro anowanikwa pasi rose. Nekudaro, kubviswa kwezvinhu kubva kumacheka akadzika pasi penzvimbo huru uye pazasi pemakungwa achiri mune zvehupfumi zvisina musoro.
Nhasi Irridium inongori chete mushure mekupera kwemugodhi wemaminerari makuru . Iri ndiro ndarama, nickel, platinum kana mhangura. Kana iyo munda iri pedyo nekupera simba, ore inotanga kugadzirisa neanosarudzika reagents iyo inosunungura rutheniums, Osmium, palladium. Chete mushure mekunge ivo vanouya mutsara we "muraraungu" chinhu. Zvakati:
- Geza ore;
- uzvipwanya muupfu;
- Isa iyi hupfu;
- Dudziro yakamisikidzwa mapuranga mumidziyo yemagetsi, ine inoenderera Argon jet kufamba.
Simbi yakakwana yakakwana inobviswa kubva kuAnodic sludges yakasara nekhangu-nickel kugadzirwa. Pakutanga, sludges yakafumiswa. Chinjana mune mhinduro yePlatinamu uye mamwe masimbi, kusanganisira Ididium, inoitika pasi pechiito cheHot Royal Vodka. Osmis inozova mune isingadiwe sediment. Kubva pamhinduro pasi pechiito cheAmmonium chloride, platinamu, Irsium uye rutherenium yakaoma inoiswa yakaiswa
Application
Anenge 66% yeiyo mined iradia Inoshandiswa muindasitiri yemakemikari . Mamwe ese zvikamu zvehupfumi akagovana chiyero. Mumakumi emakore apfuura, zvishongo zvinorehwa ne "simbi yepepuru" iri kukura zvakanyanya . Kubva pakupera kwema1990, zvindori, zvichipinda zvishongo zvegoridhe zvendarama zvakatanga kugadzira kubva kwazviri. ZVINOKOSHA: Zvishongo hazviite kuti hazvina kuzara neirium yeIridium, yakawanda sei yeiyo alloy ine platinamu. A 10% inowedzera yakakwana kuti uvandudze simba rebasa rekushanda uye chigadzirwa chakapera kuti uwedzere pasina kuwedzera kwakanyanya mumutengo kusvika katatu.
Mune mamwe maindasitiri, mauto eIridium akajekawo pamberi pesimbi yakachena. Iko kugona kwekuwedzera kuomarara uye simba kwezvigadzirwa nekushandisa zvisina basa kwakanyanya kukosheswa ne technologists. Saka, zviwiitou zvidhori zvinoshandiswa kuwedzera kuparara kwe waya yemarambi emagetsi. Iyo simbi yakasimba ingori yakangoiswa pamusoro peMolybdenum kana tungsten. Iyo inotevera kutapudza inoitika pasi pepamhepo pakudziya kwakanyanya.
Uye heino zvinodikanwa kutaura zvakananga nezve kushandiswa kweIridium mune indasitiri yemakemikari. Ikoko kunodiwa kuti vatore madhiri kuti vadzore ndiro dzinodzivirira kune dzakasiyana reagents uye high tembiricha. Zvakare, Irdium inova inogadzirisa yakanakisa yekuita. Kuwedzera maitiro ekugadzirisa kunyanya kuratidzwa Mukugadzirwa kwe nitric acid . Uye kana iwe uchifanira kunyungudusa goridhe muhumambo vodka, ipapo technologismists yakave yakavimbiswa kusarudza chaizvo mbiya dzakagadzirwa kubva kuPlatinum - Irarium Alloy.
Kwavanobika Laser makristuru kazhinji unogona kusangana Platinum-Ididium anowanzogutsikana. Simbi yakakwana yakakwana yakakodzera kune zvikamu zvevakanyanya kunyatso tsanangurwa maindasitiri uye marabhoritari zvishandiso. Muromo kubva kuIridium inoshandiswa uye Glaziers Pavanoda kugadzira giredhi regirazi. Asi chinongova chikamu chidiki chekushanda kwechinhu chinoshamisa.
Inowanzoshandiswa mugadziri yeiyo spark plugs yemotokari.
Nyanzvi dzakambocherekedza kuti makenduru akadaro anoshanda nguva yakareba . Pakutanga chaiko ivo vaishandiswa kunyanya kwemotokari dzemitambo. Nhasi vakave vakachipa uye vakazoita kuti vawanikwe kune vese varidzi vemota. Ididium Alloys inodiwawo neVagadziri Zviridzwa zvekuvhiya . Kuwedzera, ivo zvakare vanoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kweumwe neumwe zvikamu zveMacemaker.
Icho vanoda kuziva kuti "10 francs" mari yekugadzirwa kweRwanda inogadzirwa kubva kuzvishongo zveiyo yakachena (999 sampuli) yeRida. Inowana iyi yesimbi application mune emagetsi emahara. Kunge platinamu, inobatsira kukurumidza kuchenesa magasi anopera. Asi zvinokwanisika kuwana chirango mumatowo akajairwa zvakanyanya. Ikoko, dzimwe nguva iwe unogona kuona bhora reruvara rusina kujairika, iri pane chipfeko chenyare kana inki tsvimbo.
Muzvikamu zveRadio, Iraium akashandiswa kazhinji makumi emakore apfuura. Kubva mariri, mapoka ekuonana akaitwa kazhinji, pamwe nezvinhu zvinogona kupisa kwazvo. Mhinduro yakadaro inobvumidza kugadzwa kwezvigadzirwa. Irdium-192 isotope inoreva huwandu hwenhamba yekugadzira radionuclides. Iyo inogadzirwa kuti ikwane kusaona kuti ishandise hunhu hweWels, simbi uye aluminium alloys.
Osmia Alloy neIdidium anoshanda kuti agadzire Kombasi vashanyi. Uye thermocoups mune iyo Iraium uye magetsi emagetsi akasanganiswa, anoshandiswa pakutsvagisisa kwemuviri. Ivo chete vanogona kunyoresa zvakananga tembiricha yeanenge zviuru zvitatu zvemadhigirii. Mutengo wezvivakwa zvakadaro yakakura kwazvo. Vashandise muindasitiri yakajairwa isingabatsiri mune zveupfumi.
Irdiyevovo titanium electrode - imwe yezviitiko zvitsva mumunda wemagetsi. Chinhu cheFefractory chinotaurwa zvichibva pane titanium foil. Mumakamuri ekushanda, kune chete Argon. Electrodes inogona kutaridzika kunge grid, uye seplate. Electrodes dzakadai:
- kupisa kwakanyanya kupokana;
- kurwisa kuhukura kwakakosha, density uye simba razvino;
- Usa corrod;
- Zvakawanda zvehupfumi magetsi ane platinamu anowedzera (nekuda kwechinhu chakanyanya kukwirira).
Midziyo yakadzivirirwa-yakaderera ine radioactive isotopes irdia iri kudiwa muSimbillurgy. Gamma Rays ane chidimbu chakabatikana nemusanganiswa. Naizvozvo, zvinokwanisika kuona kuti ndeipi mwero wemusanganiswa mukati mevira.
Iwe unogona kuchiri kutaura zvinoshandiswa nezvinhu zve77th se:
- kuwana molybdenum uye tungsten alloys, yakasimba pakupisa kukuru;
- kuwedzera kusimba kweTitanium neChromium to acids;
- kugadzirwa kweTermoelectric Generators;
- Kugadzira yeTermionic Cathodes (pamwe ne lanthanum uye cerium);
- kusikwa kwematangi emafuta enzvimbo yemasango (muAlloy naHafnia);
- Kusimudzira kweProcylene pahwaro hweMethane uye acetylene;
- Inonyanya kuTratinamu CatalyStts kugadzira nitrogen oxides (nitric acid precurs) - asi iyi tekinoroji maitiro haisisipo zvakanyanya;
- Kuwana zvinyorwa zveyero zveyero (zvakanyatsojeka, zvinodikanwa kuti platinum-irrium alloy).
Chokwadi Zvinonakidza
Ididium munyu wakasiyana kwazvo mune ruvara. Saka, zvichienderana nehuwandu hweatomu dzakabatanidzwa, iyo compound inogona kuve nemhangura-tsvuku, yakasviba yakasvibira, maorivhi kana brown or broive mavara. Irdium Diliumoriide inoratidzwa mune yero toni. Kubatana ne ozone uye bromine ine ruvara rwebhuruu. MuPurure Iraium, kuramba kurwisa kwakakura kwazvo kunyange pakupomerwa kusvika 2000 madhi degree.
Mumatombo epanyika mavakabva, kusunganidzwa kweIridium comalogs idiki kwazvo . Iyo inokwira zvakanyanya mumabhureki emamita meteoric. Danho rakadaro rinobvumira vaongorori kuti vatamise chokwadi chakakosha nezve dzakasiyana siyana dze geological. Zvakare, matani mashoma edidium yakagadzirwa pasi pano.
Jung module (iyo module ye refuitudinal elasticity) mune iyi simbi - munzvimbo yechipiri pakati pezvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvakanaka (zvimwe - chete muGriphene).
Kune zvimwe zvivakwa uye zvikamu zve irdilia, ona vhidhiyo inotevera.