Abantu abaningi bacabanga kahle ne-iron ne-aluminium, isiliva negolide. Kepha kunezinto zamakhemikhali ezidlala indima encane kancane ezimpilweni zezwe zanamuhla, kepha azinakulibala kakhulu phakathi kwabangebona ochwepheshe. Kubalulekile ukulungisa le ngdonsa, futhi kufaka phakathi ukufunda konke mayelana Iridia.
Ubuhlakani
Ngokushesha kufanele ukusho lokho I-Iridium iyinsimbi. Ngakho-ke, inazo zonke lezo zindawo ezijwayelekile kwezinye izinsimbi. Into yamakhemikhali enjalo kuboniswe ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlamvu ze-latin ir. Ethebula le-mendeleev alithathayo 77 iseli. Ukuvulwa kwe-Iridia kwenzeka ngo-1803, ngohlaka lweSifundo Esifanayo, lapho i-English Scientist Tennant yabela khona isifunda se-OSM.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokuqala zokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezinjalo zinikezwe i-ore platinum ezilethwe eSouth America. Ekuqaleni, izinsimbi zabelwa ngesimo sokudilizwa, "okungazange kuthathe" i-vodka "tsarist". Ucwaningo lukhombise ukuba khona kwezinto eziningana ezingaziwa ngaphambili. Into yathola ukubizwa kwakhe ngamazwi ngoba usawoti wakhe ubukeka njengothingo lomvula.
Okuqukethwe kwe-Iridium ngokwemvelo kuncane kakhulu, futhi lokhu kungenye yezinto ezingavamile emhlabeni.
I-Iridium emsulwa ngamakhemikhali ayinawo umbala we-rainbow. Kepha kulo, umbala okhangayo okhangayo - omhlophe ubonakale. Izakhiwo ezinobuthi aziqinisekisiwe. Kodwa-ke, izinhlanganisela ngazinye ze-iridium zingaba yingozi kubantu. Ikakhulukazi i-fluoride enobuthi yale nto.
Amabhizinisi amaningi aseRussia nezwe langaphandle enza ukukhiqizwa nasekuvumeni kwe-Irida. Cishe wonke umkhiqizo wale wensimbi ungumkhiqizo wezinto zokwakha zeplatinamu. Yize i-Iridium futhi hhayi onsomi, iqukethe nge-Isotope yemvelo 2 Isotope. 191st kanye 193th izinto zizinzile. Kepha izakhiwo ezinemisebe ebizwa ngokuthi yi-isotopes etholakele ngobuciko, impilo yabo encane incane.
Izakhiwo
-Okuphathelene nomzimba
Amandla nobulukhuni base-Iridia buphakeme kakhulu. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukucubungula ngomshini le metal. Ukungatholakali Lesi sici sombala omhlophe wesiliva sikhulu ngokwanele. Ochwepheshe Kholwa e-Iridium eqenjini leplatinamu. Ubulukhuni esikalini se-MOOS ngu-6.5. Iphuzu lokuncibilika kuma-degree lifinyelela ama-degree angama-2466. I-Iridium ebilisiwe, noma kunjalo, iqala ngama-4428 degrees. Ukushisa kokuncibilika kulingana no-27610 j / mol. Ukushisa kokubilisa kungu-604000 j / mol. Umthamo we-motal of ongoti anqunywe ezingeni lamamitha ayi-8.54 cubic metres. Bona imvukuzane.
I-crystal lattice yale nto iyi-cubec, ama-vertices e-cube ubuso bobuso bamakristalu. Ingxenyana yama-akhawunti we-Isotope we-191st angu-37.3% ama-athomu e-Iridia. Ama-62.3% asele amelwe yi-Isotope yango-193. Ubuningi balesi sakhi (noma ngenye indlela, ingxenye) ifinyelela kuma-22 400 kg nge-1 m3.
Ngendlela yayo emsulwa, insimbi akuyona into kazibuthe, futhi izinga le-oxidation lama-athomu ekuxhumeni okuhlukahlukene kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-6.
Okuthakiweyo
Kepha ama-athomu ama-iridium awavami ukungena kunoma yikuphi ukusabela. Le nto ihlukaniswa nokukhanya kwamakhemikhali avelele. . Ayichithi ngokuphelele emanzini futhi ayiguquki ngandlela thile, ngisho nokuxhumana isikhathi eside nomoya. Uma izinga lokushisa lento lingaphansi kwama-degree ayi-100, ngakho-ke ngeke lingene ekuphenduleni ngisho nange- "vodka yasebukhosini", ukungasho amanye ama-acid kanye nenhlanganisela yawo. Ukusabela nge-fluorine kungenzeka ngamadigri angama-400, ngokusabela nge-chlorine noma isibabule, kuzofanela ufudumele i-iridium ku-COGINE ebomvu.
I-4 chloride iyaziwa lapho inani lama-athomu ama-chlorine liyahlukahluka kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-4. Umphumela we-oksijini ngokubonayo lapho izinga lokushisa elingelona ngaphansi kwama-degree ayi-1000. Umkhiqizo wokuxhumana okunjalo yi-Iridium dioxide - into engekho emthethweni emanzini. Kungenzeka ukwandisa i-soubelity nge-oxidation usebenzisa i-ejenti enzima. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-oxidation ezimweni ezijwayelekile lingatholakala kuphela ku-iridium hexafluoride.
Emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, amakhompiyutha ane-valence 7 no-8 avele. Kungenzeka ukwakheka kosawoti obunzima (wohlobo lwe-anionic nohlobo lwe-anionic). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi insimbi esethwe ngokuphelele ingasusa i-hydrochloric acid igcwele umoya-mpilo. Indima ebalulekile yomakhemikhali inamathiselwe:
- ama-hydroxides;
- ama-clorides;
- ama-haldes;
- oxide;
- I-Carbonilas Iridia.
Ungayimayini?
Ukuthola i-Iridium ngokwemvelo kunzima kakhulu ukuba kungavamile kakhulu. Kwindlela yemvelo, le metal ihlala ixubene nezinto ezihlangene. Uma le nto itholwa endaweni ethile, bese iplatinamu noma izinsimbi ezivela eqenjini layo zitholakala eduzane. Amanye ama-ores aqukethe i-nickel ne-zethusi afaka i-iridium ngendlela ehlakazekile. Ingxenye eyinhloko yale nto ikhishwe endabeni ye-oblique ku:
- ININGIZIMU AFRIKA;
- ECanada;
- INorth American California State;
- amadiphozithi esiqhingini saseTasmania (ephethwe yi-Australia Union);
- I-Indonesia (esiqhingini saseKalimantan);
- Izifunda ezahlukahlukene zesiqhingi saseNew Guinea.
Ihlanganiswe ne-Osmimia Iridium imbiwe ngamaqoqo asendulo wezintaba atholakala emazweni afanayo. Indima evelele emakethe yomhlaba wonke ihlalwa yizinkampani ezivela Iningizimu Afrika . Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kuleli lizwe kuthinta ngqo ibhalansi yesidingo nokusikisela, okungashiwo ngemikhiqizo evela kwezinye izifunda zeplanethi. Ngokwemibono yesayensi ekhona, ukuthandwa kwe-Iridium kuxhumeke neqiniso lokuthi kwenzelwa emhlabeni wethu kuma-meteorites kuphela, ngakho-ke kulawula amaphesenti ayisigidi amaphesenti obunzima bomhlaba.
Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yabachwepheshe abavumelani nalokhu. Bagcizelela ukuthi ingxenye encane kuphela yazo zonke izimali zase-Iridia ezihlolisiswa futhi kufanelekile ukuthuthuka ezingeni lobuchwepheshe banamuhla. Ama-deposits aqhamuke esimeni esijulile se-geological antiquer aqukethe izingqimba ezihlukile ze-iridium izikhathi eziningi ngaphezu kwezilwane ezivele zakhiwe.
Ama-anomalies anjalo atholakala emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, ukukhishwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kusuka ekunciphisweni okujulile ngaphansi kwezwekazi futhi ezansi olwandle kusenzeka nangokomnotho.
Namuhla i-Iridium iyini kuphela ngemuva kokuphela kwezimayini zamaminerali amakhulu . Le yigolide, nickel, iplatinamu noma ithusi. Lapho insimu isondele ukukhathala, i-ore iqala ukucubungula nge-reagents ekhethekile ekhipha ama-ruthenisiums, i-osmium, i-palladium. Kuphela ngemuva kwalokho kuza umugqa wento ye- "rainbow". Ngaphezu kwalokho:
- Hlanza i-ore;
- ukuchoboza kube yimpuphu;
- Faka le mpuphu;
- Itolika izikhala ezicindezelwe ezithakeni zikagesi, ngokunyakaza okuqhubekayo kwe-argon jet.
Inani elikhulu lensimbi enkulu likhishwe kuma-anodic stedges ashiywe ukukhiqizwa kwe-copper-nickel. Ekuqaleni, amatshe acebisile. Dlulisela kusixazululo seplatinamu nezinye izinsimbi, kufaka phakathi i-Iridium, kwenzeka ngaphansi kwesenzo se-vodka yasebukhosini eshisayo. U-Osmis uphendukela ekuweni okungafuneki. Kusuka kusisombululo ngaphansi kwesenzo se-ammonium chloride, iplatinamu, i-iridium kanye ne-ruthenisium izakhiwo zifakwa njalo
Isicelo
Cishe ama-66% e-Iridia embiwe isetshenziswe embonini yamakhemikhali . Yonke eminye imikhakha yezomnotho yabelana ngemali esele. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, okushiwo ubucwebecwecwe be- "Purple Metal" kukhula ngokuqinile . Kusukela ukuphela kweminyaka yama-1990s, izindandatho, ubucwebe begolide bokufaka baqala ukukhiqiza kulo. KUBALULEKILE: Ubucwebe abuzwakali kangako nge-iridium emsulwa, malini i-alloy yayo eneplatinamu. Isengezo esingu-10% sanele ukuthuthukisa amandla esisebenzi somsebenzi kanye nomkhiqizo osuqediwe ukwanda ngaphandle kokwanda okukhulu kwezindleko kuze kufinyelele ezikhathini ezi-3.
Kwezinye izimboni, ama-aloys e-Iridium nawo nakanjani ngaphambi kwensimbi emsulwa. Amandla okukhulisa ubulukhuni namandla emikhiqizo ngokungezelelwa okungasho lutho kubaluleke kakhulu yizobuchwepheshe. Ngakho-ke, izithasiselo ze-Iridium zisetshenziselwa ukukhulisa ukumelana kokugqoka kocingo lwamalambu kagesi. Insimbi eqinile imaketha nje phezulu kwe-molybdenum noma i-tungsten. Isono esilandelayo senzeka ngaphansi kwabezindaba ngokushisa okuphezulu.
Futhi nakhu kuyadingeka ukusho ngokuqondile ngokusetshenziswa kwe-Iridium embonini yamakhemikhali. Lapho, kuyadingeka ukuthola ama-alloys ukuthola izitsha ezingamelana nama-reagents ahlukene kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Futhi, i-iridium iphenduka ibe yi-catalyst enhle kakhulu. Umthamo owandayo wokuphendula uboniswe ikakhulukazi Ekwenziweni kwe-nitric acid . Futhi uma udinga ukuncibilikisa igolide eRoyal Vodka, khona-ke ubuchwepheshe bucishe buqinisekiswe ukuthi bakhethe ngqo izitsha ezenziwe ngePlatinum-Iridium Alloy.
Lapho bepheka khona Amakristalu e-laser kaningi ungahlangana IPlatinam-Iridium Elenyukayo. Insimbi emsulwa ngokugcwele ilungele izingxenye zamadivayisi anembile kakhulu wezimboni namalabhoratri. Kusetshenziswa i-Iridium kusuka ku-Iridium futhi Izithombe ezikhalaleni ezinkulungwane Lapho kudingeka enze ibanga lengilazi elibusayo. Kepha kuyingxenye encane nje yokusebenza kwento emangalisayo.
Imvamisa isetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwama-plugs we-spark zezimoto.
Ochwepheshe isikhathi eside baphawula ukuthi amakhandlela anjalo asebenza isikhathi eside . Ekuqaleni kakhulu babesetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezimotweni zezemidlalo. Namuhla bashibhile futhi batholakala cishe kubo bonke abanini bezimoto. Ama-aloys e-iridium nawo ayadingeka ngabadali Amathuluzi okuhlinza . Ngokwanda, zisetshenziswa nasekukhiqizweni kwezingxenye ezithile ze-pacemaker.
Kunelukuluku lokuthi uhlamvu lwemali "lwe-10 FRANCS" lokukhiqizwa kweRwanda lwenziwa ngobucwebecwebe bempuphu (999) ye-Irida. Ithola lolu hlelo lwensimbi kuma-catalysts wezimoto. Njengeplatinamu, kuyasiza ekuhlanzeni ngokusheshisa amagesi aphelele. Kepha kungenzeka ukuthola i-Iridium eziphathwayo zezimpaphe ezijwayelekile kakhulu. Lapho, ngesinye isikhathi ungabona ibhola lombala ongajwayelekile, osesicubeni sepeni noma i-ink rod.
Kwezakhi zomsakazo, i-iridium esetshenziswe kakhulu emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule. Kuyo, amaqembu okuxhumana angenziwa kaningi, kanye nezinto ezingashisa kakhulu. Isixazululo esinjalo sivumela ukuqina kwemikhiqizo. I-Iridium-192 Isotope isho inani le-radionuclides ye-radionuclider yokufakelwa. Yenzelwe ukuthola iphutha ukuze usebenzise izici zama-welds, insimbi kanye ne-aluminium alloys.
I-Osmia Alloy ne-Iridium isebenza ukwenza Izinaliti zeCompass. Kanye ne-thermocouples lapho i-Iridium ne-electrodes evamile kuhlanganiswe, zisetshenziselwa ucwaningo lomzimba. Kuphela bangabhalisa ngokuqondile amazinga okushisa acishe abe ngu-3000 degrees. Intengo yezakhiwo ezinjalo inkulu kakhulu. Zisebenzise embonini ejwayelekile akunangqondo kwezomnotho.
I-Iridiyevo titanium electrode - Enye yentuthuko entsha emkhakheni we-electrolysis. Into ebonakalayo ikhulunywa ngokusekelwe ku-titanium foil. Egumbini elisebenzayo, kukhona i-argon kuphela. Ama-electrodes angabukeka njengegridi, futhi njengepuleti. Electrodes enjalo:
- Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu;
- ukumelana namandla kagesi aphambili, ukuqina kanye namandla akhona;
- Musa ukwenza;
- Ama-elektrode aphezulu kwezomnotho anezelelesi zePlatinamu (ngenxa yomthombo ophakeme kakhulu).
Iziqukathi ezinamakhanda aphansi ezinama-isotopes we-radioactiactiactiactive i-Iridia zifunwa ku-metallurgy. Imisebe ye-gamma igxile kancane yingxube. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukunquma ukuthi liyini level lengxube ngaphakathi kwesithando somlilo.
Usengacacisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-77ty element njengoba:
- ukuthola ama-molybdenum nama-tungsten alloys, aqine emazingeni okushisa aphakeme;
- okwandisa ukuqina kwe-titanium ne-chromium kuma-acid;
- ukukhiqizwa kwabakhiqizi be-thermoelectric;
- wenziwa ama-thermionionic Cathode (kanye neLanthanum ne-CERIUM);
- Ukudalwa kwamathangi kaphethiloli wemicibisholo yesikhala (ku-alloy ne-hafnia);
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-propylene ngesisekelo se-methane ne-acetylene;
- Isengezo kuma-platinum catalysts ukukhiqiza ama-nitrogen oxides (ama-nitric acid presersors) - kepha le nqubo yezobuchwepheshe ayisasebenzi kakhulu;
- Ukuthola amayunithi wesethenjwa sokukalwa (ngokunembile, kuyadingeka ukuthi iplatinamu-iridium alloy).
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Usawoti we-iridium uhlukene kakhulu ngombala. Ngakho-ke, kuya ngenani lama-athomu anamathiselwe ama-chlorine, i-compleund ingaba nemibala ebomvu, emnyama, imibala eluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu. I-Iridium Difluoride ipendiwe ngezwi eliphuzi. Ukuxhumeka nge-ozone ne-bromine kunombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Nge-iridium emsulwa, ukumelana nokugqwala kukhulu kakhulu noma kufuthelwa ama-degree angama-2000.
Emadwaleni asuka emlandweni wasemhlabeni, ukugcwala kwamakhompiyutha e-iridium kuncane kakhulu . Kukhuphuka kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zemvelaphi ye-meteoric. Indlela enjalo ivumela abaphenyi ukuthi basungule amaqiniso abalulekile mayelana nezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene zezwe. Sekukonke, amathani ambalwa kuphela e -ridium akhiqizwa emhlabeni.
I-Jung Module (iyimodyuli ye-Longitudinal Elasticity) kuleli nsimbi - endaweni yesibili phakathi kwezinto ezaziwayo (ngaphezulu - ku-graphene kuphela).
Kwezinye izakhiwo nemikhakha ye-Iridia, bheka ividiyo elandelayo.