Cov neeg feem coob zoo heev heev ntawm cov hlau thiab txhuas, nyiaj thiab kub. Tab sis muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg uas ua tiav lub luag haujlwm me ntsis hauv lub neej niaj hnub no, tab sis tsis paub txog me nyuam yaus uas tsis paub tseeb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom kho qhov kev tshem tawm no, thiab suav nrog kawm txhua yam txog Iridia.
Peculiarities
Tam sim ntawd nws muaj nqis hais tias Iridium yog hlau. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj tag nrho cov khoom uas yog li qub rau lwm yam meuav. Xws li cov tshuaj lom neeg denoted los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm Latin Ir cim. Nyob rau hauv mendeleev lub rooj nws siv 77 cell. Qhov qhib ntawm Iridia tau tshwm sim hauv 1803, hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tib txoj kev kawm, nyob rau hauv tus kws tshawb fawb lus Askiv faib rau cheeb tsam OSM.
Thawj cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev tsim khoom ntawm xws li cov platinum xa los ntawm South America. Thaum xub thawj, cov hlau tau faib rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov sediment, uas "tsis tau coj" tus "Tsarist Vodka". Txoj kev tshawb no pom tias muaj ntau yam tsis paub tsis paub yav tas los. Lub ntsiab tau txais nws cov lus tsim vim hais tias nws salts zoo li ib tug tshaj tawm zaj sawv.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm iRidium nyob rau hauv qhov yog tshwj xeeb me, thiab qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj uas tsis tshua muaj kev phom sij hauv ntiaj teb.
Tshuaj ntshiab Iridium tsis muaj zaj sawv xim. Tab sis rau nws, zoo nkauj txaus siab nyiaj-dawb xim yog tus yam ntxwv. Cov tshuaj lom tsis tau lees paub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tib neeg sib xyaw ntawm Iridium yuav txaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lom fluoride ntawm cov khoom no.
Ib tug xov tooj ntawm Lavxias thiab kev lag luam txawv teb chaws yog koom nrog hauv kev tsim khoom thiab ua haujlwm ntawm iRida. Yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom siv ntawm cov hlau no yog cov khoom ntawm platinum raw khoom. Txawm hais tias Iridium thiab tsis yog ntshav, nws muaj nyob rau hauv ntuj tsim 2 isotope. Xyoo 191st thiab 193 lub sijhawm yog ruaj khov. Tab sis hais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob ntawm tab sis muaj ntau tus lej ntawm cov entificially tau txais isotopes, lawv ib nrab-lub neej yog me me.
Cov Khoom Siv
Ua zog
Lub zog thiab hardness ntawm Iridia yog siab heev. Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom kho cov txheej txheem hlau. Nyob rau hauv infusibility Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nyiaj-dawb xim yog qhov loj txaus. Tus tshwj xeeb Ntseeg iridium rau cov platinum pab pawg. Lub hardness ntawm lub mooo nplai yog 6.5. Lub taw tes melting hauv degrees ncav cuag 2466 degrees. Boiled Iridium, txawm li cas los xij, pib tsuas yog ntawm 4425 degrees. Qhov kub ntawm melting yog sib npaug rau 27610 j / mol. Cov kub ntawm boiling yog 604000 J / Mol. Cov tshuaj ntsuab moler ntawm cov kws tshaj lij txiav txim siab nyob rau theem ntawm 8.54 cub meters. Pom mole.
Lub Crystal ntxaij ntawm lub caij no yog cubic, cov kab ntsug ntawm lub voos xwmfab yog lub ntsej muag ntawm muaju. Qhov feem ntawm 191st IsoTope cov nyiaj rau 37.3% ntawm Iridia atoms. Qhov seem 62.3% yog sawv cev los ntawm 193rd Isotope. Qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom no (lossis lwm yam, cov feem sib piv) ncav cuag 22,400 kg ib 1 m3.
Hauv nws cov ntawv ntshiab, cov hlau tsis yog sib nqus, thiab qib ntawm oxidation ntawm atoms hauv ntau qhov sib txuas hauv 1 txog 6.
Tshuaj
Tab sis cov iridium atoms lawv tus kheej tsis tshua muaj nkag rau hauv txhua qhov kev tawm tsam. Lub caij no yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov. Nws tsis tag tag nrho hauv dej thiab tsis hloov pauv hauv qee txoj kev, txawm tias muaj kev sib cuag ntev nrog huab cua. Yog tias qhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov tshuaj muaj tsawg dua 100 degrees, ces nws yuav tsis nkag rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txawm tias yog "Royal Vodka", tsis yog los piv rau lwm cov kua qaub thiab lawv cov kev sib txuas. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fluorine yog ua tau ntawm 400 degrees, rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog chlorine lossis leej faj, koj yuav tsum tau sov rau iridium mus rau Cagine liab.
4 Chloride tau paub hauv cov xov tooj ntawm chlorine atoms sib txawv ntawm 1 txog 4. Cov nyhuv ntawm oxygen yog pom tias muaj qhov kub tsis qis dua 1000 degrees. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov kev sib cuam tshuam yog iridium dioxide - cov khoom siv hauv cov dej hauv dej. Nws muaj peev xwm ua kom ua kom solubility los ntawm oxidation siv cov neeg sawv cev complex. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob tsuas yog ua tiav hauv iRidium hexafluoride.
Ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj kub, sib xyaw nrog valence 7 thiab 8 tshwm sim. Nws yog ua tau qhov tsim ntawm cov ntsev (ob lub cation thiab anionic hom). Nws tau sau tseg tias ib qho khoom siv uas muaj zog tuaj yeem tshem tawm hydrochloric acid noo noo nrog oxygen. Ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm chemists yog txuas nrog:
- hydroxides;
- chlorides;
- halides;
- oxide;
- Carbonilas Iridia.
Yuav Khuv Npaum Li Cas?
Tau txais iRidium nyob rau hauv qhov yog qhov nyuaj heev kom muaj tsawg heev. Nyob rau hauv lub ntuj nruab nrab, cov hlau no ib txwm sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke. Yog tias qhov khoom no raug kuaj pom qee qhov chaw, ces platinum lossis hlau los ntawm nws cov pab pawg yog tsim nyog nyob ze. Qee cov ores muaj lub npib tsib xee thiab tooj liab muaj xws li iridium hauv daim ntawv tawg. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus no yog rho tawm ntawm oblique teeb meem hauv:
- South Africa;
- Canada;
- North American California xeev;
- Cov nyiaj tso rau ntawm cov kob ntawm Tasmania (muaj los ntawm Australian Union);
- Indonesia (ntawm cov kob ntawm Kalimantan);
- Thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm Guinea Island tshiab.
Sib xyaw nrog Osmimia Iridium yog mined hauv cov roob sau qub nyob hauv tib lub tebchaws. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb yog nyob ntawm cov tuam txhab los ntawm South Africa Cov. Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas kev loj hlob hauv lub tebchaws no ncaj qha cuam tshuam qhov sib npaug ntawm kev thov thiab cov lus qhia, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog cov khoom los ntawm lwm cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Raws li cov tswv yim muaj kev ywj pheej, qhov tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob nrog qhov tseeb uas nws tau poob rau ntau feem pua ntawm feem pua ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust.
Txawm li cas los xij, ib feem ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tsis pom zoo nrog qhov no. Lawv hais tias tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm tag nrho iridia tso nyiaj thiab yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim ntawm qib ntawm thev naus laus zis. Qhov kev tso nyiaj uas tau tshwm sim hauv kev sib ze ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud ntawm iRidium pua pua ntawm ntau lub sijhawm ntau dua li cov tsiaj txhu twb tau tsim.
Xws li Anomalies muaj nyob rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, kev rho tawm ntawm cov khoom los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus hauv qab thaj av thiab hauv qab ntawm cov dej hiav txwv tseem muaj kev lag luam.
Niaj hnub no Iridium yog mined tsuas yog tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev tsuas ntawm cov minerals loj Cov. Qhov no yog kub, npib tsib txhiab lossis tooj liab. Thaum teb tau ze rau kev qaug zog, tus ore pib txheej txheem nrog cov reagents tshwj xeeb uas tso cov rutheniums tso tawm, Osmium, Palladium. Tsuas yog tom qab lawv los ib txoj kab ntawm "zaj sawv" keeb. Ntxiv:
- Ntxuav cov ore;
- zuaj nws ua hmoov;
- Muab cov hmoov no tso;
- Txhais cov ntxig tawg paj hauv cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, nrog cov dav hlau txuas ntxiv mus.
Ib tug txaus ntau ntawm cov hlau yog rho tawm los ntawm anodic sludges sab laug los ntawm tooj liab-npib xwb. Thaum pib, cov sludges enriched. Hloov mus rau hauv kev daws teeb meem ntawm platinum thiab lwm yam hlau, suav nrog iRidium, tshwm sim hauv qab ntawm cov huab tais kub vodka. OSMIS hloov tawm mus ua qhov tsis xav tau. Los ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm ammonium chloride, platinum, iridium thiab ruthenium complexes tsis xwm yeem
Daim ntawv thov
Txog 66% ntawm mined iridia siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg Cov. Tag nrho lwm cov haujlwm ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag qhia qhov nyiaj seem. Nyob rau hauv kev siv xyoo tsis ntev los no, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub lub ntsiab lus ntawm "purple hlau" yog loj hlob tsis tu ncua Cov. Txij li thaum xaus ntawm 1990s, ib ncig, inlay cov hniav nyiaj kub pib tau pib tsim los ntawm nws. Tseem Ceeb: Kev kub ua rau tsis muaj ntau yam ntawm Iridium iridium, ntau npaum li cas ntawm nws alloy nrog platinum. Ib qho 10% ntxiv kom txaus los txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom tiav kom nce yam tsis muaj kev nce qib qis rau 3 zaug.
Hauv lwm qhov kev lag luam, Iridium alloys tseem yuav ua ntej ntawm cov hlau ntshiab. Lub peev xwm los nce lub hardness thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom los ntawm kev tseem ceeb ntxiv yog muaj nuj nqis los ntawm technologist. Yog li, Iridium additives tau siv los nce cov coj ntawm cov hlau tiv thaiv cov hlau rau hluav taws xob. Cov hlau tawv yog tsuas yog tsim nyob rau saum toj ntawm molybdenum lossis tungsten. Tom ntej Sintering tshwm sim hauv qab nias ntawm qhov kub.
Thiab ntawm no nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tau hais tshwj xeeb txog kev siv iridium hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Nws yuav tsum tau txais cov alloys kom tau txais cov tais diav tsis kam mus rau cov reagents sib txawv thiab kub. Tsis tas li, Iridium hloov tawm mus ua ib qho kev ua tau zoo heev. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj peev xwm ntau dua tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom tau Nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov nitric acid Cov. Thiab yog tias koj xav yaj kub nyob rau hauv Royal Vodka, tom qab ntawd cov thev naus laus zis yuav luag lav los xaiv cov tais ua los ntawm platinum-iridium alloy.
Qhov twg lawv ua noj Laser muaju feem ntau koj tuaj yeem ntsib Platinum-iridium crucible. Siab dawb huv yog haum rau feem ntawm tshwj xeeb yog muaj kev lag luam thiab chaw kuaj. Qhov ncauj los ntawm Iridium yog siv thiab Lub ntsej muag ua Thaum lawv yuav tsum tau ua kom regractory iav qib. Tab sis nws tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm ib qho kev pom zoo.
Nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm Spark Plugs rau tsheb.
Cov kws tshaj lij tau hais ntev ntev tias cov tswm ciab no tau ua haujlwm ntev dua Cov. Thaum pib thaum pib lawv tau siv feem ntau rau cov tsheb kis las. Niaj hnub no lawv tau pheej yig dua thiab muab tawm mus yuav luag txhua tus tswv tsheb. Iridium alloys kuj tseem xav tau los ntawm cov neeg tsim Kev phais cov twj Cov. Ntau zuj zus, lawv kuj tau siv rau hauv ib leeg ntawm cov pacemaker.
Nws yog xav paub tias "10 francs" npib ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm Rwanda yog tsim los ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ntawm cov ntshiab (999 qauv) ntawm Irida. Pom cov ntawv thov hlau no hauv cov khoom lag luam hauv tsheb cataleights. Zoo li platinum, nws pab kom ceev ceev ntxuav cov pa pa roj. Tab sis nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau iridium nyob rau hauv feem ntau death deconds kov. Nyob ntawd, qee zaum koj tuaj yeem pom cov pob ntawm cov xim txawv txawv, nyob ntawm qhov taub ntawm tus cwj mem lossis tus pas nrig.
Hauv Xov tooj cua Cheebtsam, Iridium siv feem ntau yog ob peb xyoo dhau los. Los ntawm nws, tiv tauj cov pab pawg tau ua ntau zaus, nrog rau kev siv hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem kub heev. Xws li ib qho kev daws teeb meem tso cai rau kev ua kom ruaj khov. Iridium-192 Isotope hais txog tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv radionuclides. Nws yog tsim rau qhov ua kom pom tseeb kom siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm welds, steel thiab aluminium alloys.
Osmia alloy nrog iridium siv rau Compass koob. Thiab thermouvles nyob rau hauv uas iridium thiab cov pa roj hluav taws xob tau sib xyaw ua ke, siv rau kev tshawb fawb lub cev. Tsuas yog lawv tuaj yeem ncaj qha rau kev sau npe kub txog 3000 degrees. Tus nqi ntawm cov qauv no yog loj heev. Siv lawv hauv kev lag luam ib txwm tsis muaj nyiaj txiag tsis tau.
Iridiyevo Titanium electrode - Ib qho ntawm cov kev tsim tshiab hauv kev txhim kho electrolysis. Cov tshuaj refractory yog hais raws li Titanium ntawv ci. Hauv chav ua haujlwm, muaj tsuas yog sib ceg. Cov hluav taws xob yuav zoo li daim phiaj, thiab ua ib lub phaj. Xws electrodes:
- Cov siab kub tsis yeem;
- tiv taus cov voltage, ceev thiab tam sim no muaj zog;
- Tsis corrod;
- Ntau cov hluav taws xob nrog platinum additive (vim muaj peev txheej ntau dua).
Low-stranded ntim cov ntim nrog cov xov tooj cua isotopes iridia yog nyob rau hauv kev thov hauv metallurgy. Gamma rays yog ib nrab nqus los ntawm kev sib xyaw. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab seb qib twg ntawm cov sib tov sab hauv lub cub tawg.
Koj tseem tuaj yeem qhia tau cov ntawv thov ntawm 77th lo lus li:
- Tau txais Molybdenum thiab tungsten alloys, muaj zog ntawm qhov kub;
- nce lub durability ntawm titanium thiab chromium rau cov kua qaub;
- kev tsim cov thermoelectric cov tshuab hluav taws xob;
- Kev tsim cov khoom ntawm Thermionic (nrog rau txoj kab ntawm cov kab thiab cerium);
- Kev tsim cov roj tso tsheb hlau roj rau chaw cuaj caum (hauv alllo nrog Hafia);
- Kev txhim kho ntawm propylene raws li methane thiab acetylene;
- Adillitive rau platinum catalysts los tsim cov nitrogen oxides (Nitric acid precursors) - tab sis qhov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tsis muaj cuam tshuam;
- Tau txais cov chav ntsuas ntawm kev ntsuas (qhov tseeb dua, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov platinum-iridium alloy).
Nthuav cov lus tseeb
Iridium salts yog ntau ntau haiv neeg hauv xim. Yog li, nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov chlorine atoms, muaj cov compound yuav muaj tooj liab-liab, tsaus ntsuab, txiv ntseej lossis xim av. Iridium difluoride yog pleev xim rau hauv lub suab daj. Kev sib txuas nrog ozone thiab bromine muaj xim xiav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab iridium, corrosion tsis kam yog heev loj txawm tias thaum rhuab mus rau 2000 degrees.
Hauv cov pob zeb ntawm cov hauv paus hniav hauv ntiaj teb, cov concidation ntawm iridium cov tebchaw yog qhov tsawg heev Cov. Nws yog tiag tiag sawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov breeds ntawm meteoric keeb kwm. Xws li tus qauv tso cai rau cov kws tshawb nrhiav los tsim cov lus tseeb tseem ceeb txog ntau qhov chaw ntawm geological. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tsuas yog ob peb tons ntawm iridium tsim hauv ntiaj teb.
Jung module (nws yog ib qho module ntawm ntev ntawm kev ywj pheej) hauv cov hlau no - hauv cov khoom siv no - hauv qhov chaw zoo (ntau dua - tsuas yog nyob hauv graphene).
Rau lwm cov khoom thiab cov kheej ntawm Iridia, saib cov video hauv qab no.