Iridium (hotuna 31): menene wannan ƙarfe? Yawan zazzabi da zazzabi na narkewararren abu, kaddarorin da aikace-aikace

Yawancin mutane sun yi tunanin baƙin ƙarfe da aluminum, azurfa da zinari. Amma akwai abubuwan sunadarai waɗanda ke wasa ƙaramin matsayi a cikin rayuwar duniyar zamani, amma kaɗan da sanannun sananniyar ƙwarewa ne. Yana da mahimmanci a gyara wannan hatsarin, kuma ciki har da koyan komai game da Na orodia.

Puliarities

Nan da nan ya cancanci faɗi hakan Narkewar ƙarfe karfe ne. Sabili da haka, yana da dukkanin wadancan kadarorin da suke da hankula don sauran karafa. Irin wannan sashin sunadarai nuna ta hanyar haɗuwa da haruffan Latin IR. A cikin tebur na mendeleev ya ɗauka 77 Cell. Budewar Iridia ta faru ne a cikin 1803, a cikin tsarin binciken guda, wanda masanin kimiyyar Turanci ya kafa yankin OSM.

Abubuwan da aka fara na farko don samar da irin abubuwan da aka yi wa platinum plato platinum daga Kudancin Amurka. Da farko, an sanya kayan masarufi a cikin hanyar laka, wanda "bai dauki" "mai" "mai" gidan TSAS "ba. Binciken ya nuna kasancewar abubuwa da yawa da ba a sani ba. Kabilar da ya karbi kayan aikinsa saboda salts yana kama da bakan gizo mai zuwa.

Abubuwan da ke cikin elidium a cikin yanayi shine ƙarami ne na musamman, kuma wannan yana daga cikin abubuwan tsere a duniya.

Chise tsarkakakke tsarkakakke elisium ba shi da launin bakan gizo. Amma a gare shi, quite kyakkyawar launi mai launin azurfa ne halayyar. Ba a tabbatar da kaddarorin guba ba. Koyaya, mutum mahaɗan mutane na iya zama haɗari ga mutane. Musamman ma mai guba mai guba na wannan kashi.

Yawancin kamfanonin Rasha da na ƙasashen waje suna cikin samarwa da kuma inganta Irida. Kusan dukkanin samar da wannan ƙarfe shine samfurin kayan platinum kayan platinum. Kodayake na oridium kuma ba shunayya ba, ya ƙunshi a cikin halitta na halitta 2 recepope. 191St da abubuwan 193 na abubuwa sun tabbata. Amma fursunoni masu rediyo kayan zane-zane na amma suna da adadin abubuwan da aka samu da ke tattare da su, rabin rayuwar su ƙarami ne.

Kaddarorin

Na hallitar duniya

Arfin da Hardness na Iridia yana da girma sosai. Kusan ba zai yiwu a sarrafa wannan ƙarfe ba. Rashin daidaituwa Wannan kashi na launi farin da azurfa ya isa sosai. Ƙwararru Yi imani da ƙwayar cuta ga ƙungiyar platinum. HARI A CIKIN SAUKI NA MOOS NE 6.5. Points na narkewa a cikin digiri yana kai digiri 2466. Boiled ussium, duk da haka, yana farawa ne kawai a digiri 4428. Zafi na narkewa daidai yake da 27610 J / MOL. Zafin zafi shine 60000 J / MOL. Girman molar da aka ƙaddara a matakin 8.54 CUBIC mita. Dubi tawadar Allah.

A Crystal Lattice na wannan kashi shine cubic, verececes na cube sune fuskokin lu'ulu'u. Qarshen asusun na Isotope na 191.3% na atoms na Iridia. Ragowar 62.3% suna wakilta ta 193rd. Yawan wannan kashi (ko akasin haka, gwargwado) ya kai kilogram 22,400 a 1 m3.

A ta da tsarki tsari, da karfe ne ba a Magnetic, da kuma mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na kwayoyin halitta a daban-daban sadarwa jeri daga 1 zuwa 6.

Na kemistri

Amma da Iridium atoms kansu da wuya shiga cikin wani dauki. Wannan kashi ne bambanta da wani fitaccen sinadaran passivity. . Yana ba gaba daya narke a cikin ruwa da kuma ba ya canza a wasu hanya, har ma da dadewa lamba tare da iska. Idan zafin jiki na abu ne kasa da 100 digiri, to, shi ba zai shiga cikin dauki ko da tare da "sarauta vodka", ba a ma maganar sauran acid da kuma su haduwa. A dauki tare da sunadarin flourine ne zai yiwu a 400 digiri, domin dauki tare da chlorine ko sulfur, za ka yi ji dimi iridium to ja cagine.

4 chloride aka sani a da yawan chlorine kwayoyin halitta dabam daga 1 zuwa 4. A sakamakon oxygen an kula a zazzabi ba m fiye da 1000 digiri. A samfurin irin wannan hulda ne iridium dioxide - wani abu kusan insoluble a ruwa. Yana yiwuwa a kara solubility da hadawan abu da iskar shaka ta amfani da complexing wakili. The mafi girma mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a al'ada yanayi ba zai samu ba a Iridium hexafluoride.

A musamman low yanayin zafi, mahadi da valence 7 da 8 bayyana. Yana yiwuwa samuwar hadaddun salts (duka cation da anionic irin). An lura da cewa wani karfi preheated karfe iya kawar da hydrochloric acid tare da cikakken oxygen. An muhimmiyar rawa na chemists ne a haɗe:

• hydroxides.
• chlorides.
• halides.
• oxide.
• Carbonilas Iridia.

Yadda za a yi min?

Samun iridium a cikin yanayi ne mai wuya a zama sosai rare. A wata halitta matsakaici, wannan karfe ne ko da yaushe gauraye da concomitant abubuwa. Idan wannan kashi da aka gano wani wuri, sa'an nan platinum, ko karafa daga kungiyar dayake located kusa. Wasu ores dauke da nickel da kuma jan hada iridium a warwatse siffan. Babban ɓangare na wannan kashi ne cirewa daga QFontDatabase al'amari a:

• Afirka ta Kudu;
• Kanada;
• North American California jihar.
• adibas a tsibirin Tasmania (mallakar da Australian Union).
• Indonesia (a tsibirin Kalimantan).
• Yankuna daban-daban na New Guinea tsibirin.

Gauraye da Osmimia Iridium aka mined a tsohon dutsen collections dake a cikin wannan ƙasashe. A gagarumar rawar a duniya kasuwar ne shagaltar da kamfanoni daga Afirka ta Kudu . Shi ne ba don kome ba cewa ci gaba a wannan kasa kai tsaye rinjayar da ma'auni na bukatar da shawarwari, wanda ba za a iya ce game da kayayyakin daga wasu yankuna na duniya. A cewar data kasance kimiyya ideas, da rarity na iridium an haɗa da cewa shi ya fadi a wannan duniya tamu kawai a meteorites, sabili da haka shi lissafinsu miliyan yawan da yawan da taro na duniya ta ɓawon burodi.

Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na masana ba su yarda da wannan. Sun nace cewa kawai karamin sashi na duk Iridia adibas aka bincika da ya dace domin raya a matakin fasahar zamani. Adadin da ya bayyana cikin zurfin ilimin halittar kasa sun ƙunshi a cikin yadudduka na tsibiran tsibiran anidium fiye da nau'ikan riga sun ci gaba.

Irin wannan an sami maganin a ko'ina cikin duniya. Koyaya, hakar kayan daga yankan zurfin a karkashin babban birni kuma a kasan tekun har yanzu yana da rashin tattalin arziki.

Yau an miniyata ne kawai bayan karshen ma'adanan babban ma'adanai . Wannan zinari ne, nickel, platinum ko jan ƙarfe. Lokacin da filin yake kusa da ci gajiya, Ore yana fara aiwatarwa tare da reagents na musamman waɗanda ke saki rutheniums, osmium, palladium. Bayan sun zo da jerin gwano na "Rainbow". Bugu da ƙari:

• Tsaftace ore;
• murƙushe shi cikin foda;
• Saka wannan foda;
• Fassara abubuwan fashewa a cikin murfin wuta, tare da ci gaba da motsi na Argon.

An fitar da isasshen adadin ƙarfe daga ƙirar awo da jan ƙarfe-nickel samar da tagulla. Da farko, sludges wadatar. Canja wuri cikin wani bayani na playum da sauran karafa, gami da aridium, yana faruwa a karkashin aikin zafi mai sarauta vodka. Osmis ya juya ya kasance cikin laka mara amfani. Daga maganin a karkashin aikin ammonium chloride, platinum, filam da kuma hadaddun hadaddun

Roƙo

Kusan kashi 66% na mined Irdia amfani da masana'antar sunadarai . Duk sauran sassan tattalin arziki suna raba ma'auni. A cikin shekarun nan da suka gabata, ma'anar kayan ado na "m karfe" yana girma a hankali . Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990, zobba, suna ba da izinin kayan ado na gwal sun fara fito da hakan. Muhimmin: kayan ado ba sa da yawa daga cikin tsabta tsarkakakken tsabta, nawa ne daga cikin sa tare da platinum. Ƙarin kashi 10% ya isa don inganta ƙarfin aikin aikin da samfurin da aka gama don haɓaka ba tare da ƙaruwa ba har sau 3.

A wasu masana'antu, allo na iradium ma tabbas suna gaban ƙarfe ne mai tsabta. Ikon ƙara da wuya da ƙarfin samfurori ta hanyar rashin ƙari yana da mahimmanci ta masana fasahohi. Don haka, ana amfani da ƙari na otidium don ƙara yawan juriya na waya don fitilun lantarki. M karfe mai ƙarfi yana daɗaɗa a saman Molybdenum ko tungsten. Siffan suna na gaba yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin manema labarai a cikin zazzabi mai zafi.

Kuma a nan wajibi ne don faɗi takamaiman bayani game da amfani da ƙwayar cuta a cikin masana'antar ta sinadarai. A can ana buƙatar samun alloys don samun jita-jita mai tsayayya da reagents da kuma yanayin zafi. Hakanan, annidium ya juya ya zama kyakkyawan mai kara kuzari. Ya kara karfin dauki musamman bayyana A cikin samar da nitric Acid . Kuma idan kuna buƙatar narke gwal a cikin vodka na sarauta, to, kusan kusan sun kusan tabbatar da zaɓin daidai da wando da aka yi daga platinum-ilidium alloy.

Inda suke dafa Lasry Crystals galibi zaka iya haduwa Platinum-irdium m. Cikakken tsarkakakkiyar karfe ya dace don sassan musamman takamaiman na'urorin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Bakin ruwa daga nomisium ana amfani da kuma Glazzociers Lokacin da suke buƙatar yin gyaran gilashin gra. Amma karamin bangare ne na kayan aikin ban mamaki.

Ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin keran spark matosai ga motoci.

Kwararrun sun daɗe suna lura da cewa irin wannan kyandir . A farkon farko da aka yi amfani da su musamman don motocin wasanni. A yau sun zama masu rahusa kuma sun zama kusan kusan dukkanin masu mallakar motar. Alloy Alloy Alloys suna buƙatar masu kirkirar Kayan aikin M . Adalle, ana amfani dasu a cikin samar da wasu sassan mutum na na'urar bugun zuciya.

Yana da sha'awar cewa "Francs" na samar da Ruwanda aka yi ne daga kayan adon (999) na Irida. Nemo wannan aikin ƙarfe a cikin kayan adon motoci. Kamar Platinum, yana taimakawa wajen tsabtace gas mai shayarwa. Amma yana yiwuwa a sami oridium a cikin gashin gashin gashin gwiwa. A can, wani lokacin zaku iya ganin ƙwallan launi mai ban mamaki, wanda yake a kan tip na alkalami ko sandar tawada.

A cikin abubuwan haɗin rediyo, inidium ya yi amfani da mafi yawan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Daga gare ta, kungiyoyin tuntuɓar sun yi sau da yawa, da kuma abubuwan da zasu iya zama zafi sosai. Irin wannan maganin yana ba da izinin ƙimar samfuran samfuran. Iridium-192 reotope yana nufin yawan radionuclides. An yi shi ne don ganowa mara aibi don amfani da halaye na welds, karfe da allolin aluminum.

Osmia alloy tare da inidium amfani da Kamawa da allurar. Da thermocopples a cikin abin da na irodium da na al'ada ana hade, ana amfani dasu don bincike na zahiri. Kawai za su iya yin rajista kai tsaye na kimanin digiri 3000. Farashin irin waɗannan tsarin yana da girma sosai. Yi amfani da su a cikin masana'antar yau da kullun ba shi da tattalin arziƙi ba tattalin arziƙi ba.

Irdiiyevo titanium ictrokode - Daya daga cikin mahimmin abu sabon ci gaba a cikin filin electrolysis. Ana magana da kayan ado na ado wanda aka danganta shi akan titanium tsare. A cikin aiki na aiki, akwai Argon kawai. Electrodes na iya kama da grid, kuma a matsayin farantin. Irin wutan lantarki:

• babban zazzabi mai tsauri;
• mai tsayayya wa mahimmancin ƙarfin lantarki, ƙima da ƙarfi na yanzu;
• Kada ka corrod;
• Morearin lantarki na tattalin arziƙi tare da platinum ƙari (saboda wani babban albarkatu).

Kafaffen m-m tare da rashin amfani da rediyo na rediyo na gaske suna cikin bukatar a cikin metallurgy. Gamma rays da aka mamaye ta cakuda. Sabili da haka, yana yiwuwa a sanin abin da matakin cakuda a cikin tanderace.

Har yanzu zaka iya tantance aikace-aikacen na kashi 77 a matsayin:

• Samun Molybdenum da Tognet Alloys, karfi sosai a babban yanayin zafi;
• kara karkatattun titanium da chromium zuwa acid;
• samar da masu jinyar Thermeeterric;
• kera Katolika na Kasa (Tare da Lanthanum da Cerium);
• halitta na tankunan mai ga makamai masu linzami (cikin abu da Hafatia);
• Ci gaban propylene a kan Methane da Acetylene;
• Additive zuwa Platinum Consalysts don samar da nitrogen uloye (nitric acid precursors) - amma wannan tsarin fasaha ba ya da muhimmanci;
• Samun reboesungiyar kwatankwacin ma'auni (fiye da haka, ya zama dole ga platinum-irdium alloy).

Abubuwan ban sha'awa

Allidium salts suna da bambanci sosai a launi. Don haka, dangane da yawan adadin atoms na chlorine, fili na iya samun jan ƙarfe-ja, duhu kore, launuka masu duhu ko launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa. An fentin juzu'i na antidium digo a cikin sautin rawaya. Haɗi tare da ozone da bromine suna da launi shudi. A cikin tsarkakakken irrium, juriya na lalata jiki yana da girma sosai har ma lokacin da mai tsanani zuwa digiri na 2000.

A cikin duwatsun asalin duniya, maida hankali na ƙwayar otidium kaɗan ne . Yana tashi da gaske a cikin nau'in asalin meteoric. Irin wannan sharuddan yana ba masu bincike damar kafa muhimman gaskiya game da tsarin halitta daban-daban. A cikin duka, kawai 'yan ton na aridium da aka samar a duniya.

Jung Module (wani yanki ne na elasticiity na zamani) a cikin wannan ƙarfe - a wuri na biyu a tsakanin sanannun abubuwa (ƙarin - kawai a cikin grachne).

Don wasu kaddarorin da yanki na inidia, duba bidiyon mai zuwa.