Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ikhulu lama-20 selibe yiminyaka leminyaka yokwakhiwa kwenhlangano yabesifazane, esethole inani elikhulu lamalungelo ezepolitiki, kusekhona ubungcweti obunqatshelwe kwabesifazane namuhla. Imikhawulo kwi-Professional Sphere imvamisa ehlotshaniswa nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima.
Kungani ikhona imikhawulo?
Kuwo wonke amasiko omhlaba, kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwendabuko kwezabasebenzi, okuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kowesifazane owenze emphakathini umsebenzi wokuzala wokuzala kabusha kwabantu, kusukela ezimweni ezinzima lapho enza imisebenzi ethile. Ekhulwini lama-20, lapho abesifazane emazweni ahlukene baye bathola ukulingana kwamalungelo abo ezepolitiki nabesilisa, bekunqatshelwe ukusebenza ngezimo ezinzima zokusebenza.
Ukuvinjelwa kwavela e-Epoch of Encuitylization eYurophu, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwakhula ngenkuthalo emadolobheni. Amabhizinisi avame ukuwathatha emsebenzini wabantu, njengoba ayenganamandla ngokwenyama kuphela, kodwa futhi adlula kwabesifazane emfundweni nasekubangeni kwamakhono akhethekile wezandla. Iningi labesifazane ngokwesiko elenziwa emndenini lalingenawo amakhono abasebenzi abafanele futhi laphoqeleka ukuba senze umsebenzi ophansi ophansi kakhulu. Ekupheleni kwe-19: Ukuqala kwamakhulu ama-20, ukunyakaza kwe-soul fusion eYurophu kukhuthaze ukwanda kokukhokha kwabesifazane nokwakha izimo zokusebenza eziphephile zabesifazane.
Esigabeni sokuthuthuka kwezimboni emikhiqizweni eminingi yezimboni yokuphela, ukuqala kwekhulu lama-20 lapho kunemicimbi eminingi enzima yezandla:
- ezimayini;
- Nge-metallurgy
- embonini yezimayini nasekukhiqizweni;
- ezitolo ezimnyama;
- embonini yamakhemikhali.
Isidingo semboni yobungxowankulu ezingalweni ezisebenzayo ezishibhile zenze abanikazi bamabhizinisi bahambe bayoheha amandla ashibhile abesifazane emsebenzini ongafaneleki. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusebenza kwabesifazane kwakhokhwa ngaphansi kwabesilisa, lapho benza umsebenzi ofanayo wokuqashwa. I-European kanye nathi badnyed baqala ukulwela ngenkuthalo ukuze balwele i-equation yeholo nokubahlinzeka ngamalungelo ezepolitiki Lokho kungavumela ukuvota kuphela ngesikhathi sokhetho, kodwa futhi nokufundisa nokuzihlelisa ubuchwepheshe bamadoda abakhokha kakhulu.
Kuyo yonke le minyaka engama-20, ama-feminists adilizwa emadodeni ilungelo lokusebenza nabo ngamagama alinganayo, kepha naphezu kwempumelelo yabesifazane emzabalazweni wokucasulwa amalungelo abo wobulili, futhi nakwikhulu lama-21 ubuchwepheshe bahlala lapho benqatshelwe khona Sebenzela izizathu eziningi zezinhloso ezihlobene nezici ze-physiology yabesifazane ne-anatomy. Elinye lamazwe okuqala lapho abesifazane babelinganiswa namadoda nabantu lapho bethatha umsebenzi, baba yi-USSR. Ngo-1918, kwalethwa izindatshana ezikhethekile eziseKhodi Yezabasebenzi eSoviet Russia, ezabonisa ubuchwepheshe ezingavumeli umsebenzi wabesifazane ngenxa yempilo yezimo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, zonke izinhlaka zeSoviet zaziyiMithetho lapho kwavunywa khona ilungelo elilinganayo lamadoda nabesifazane. Art. UMthethosisekelo we-19 weRussia Federation ukhombisa ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane namuhla banamalungelo alinganayo kanye namathuba okusebenza kwabo lapho bevuma ukusebenza, kanye neKhodi Yezabasebenzi yeRussia Federation, kufaka phakathi insikazi. Bahlelwe yi-China esenqatshelwe ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wabesifazane.
Izithongo kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindawo eRussia ziqondiswa yilokho okwenqabela ukusebenzela izimboni eziningi, ziyazikhathalela, okokuqala, ukuze zilondoloze le mpilo yabesifazane futhi zilondoloze ithuba lokuba ngumama ngokuzayo.
Ngubani ongakwazi ukusebenza eRussia?
E-USSR, uhlu olukhethekile lobungcweti besifazane abangeke basebenze ngalo ngokuvikelwa kwabasebenzi ngo-1932. Ngo-1972, wabeka phansi imibhalo eyisisekelo yeKhodi Yezabasebenzi e-USSR. Ngo-1978, lolu hlu lwandiswa lube yizingcweti ezingama-431, ezazibonwa ngokusemthethweni njengabesifazane. Lolu hlu nangemva kokuwa kwe-USSR kuhlale kungashintshiwe. Uhlu lokungeyena ubuchwepheshe besifazane eRussia Federation lungezwe e-USSR, okusha, ngakho-ke lenyuke ngezikhundla ezingama-456 ngo-2000.
Kuhulumeni waseSoviet, izinyathelo zokuvinjelwa emsebenzini wabesifazane ezimbonini eziningi zachazwa ngesinqumo soMkhandlu WeziNgqongqoshe be-USSR kanye nebhange eliphakathi nendawo, elibhalwe izinyathelo ezihlose ukudala izimo zokusebenza ezifanele zabesifazane abasebenza ezimbonini ezahlukene. Uhlu lomsebenzi, obonwa njengengozi kwabesifazane ngonyaka ka-2000, ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu angama-38, ahlanganisa amakhono ahlukahlukene nezinhlobo zomsebenzi kwezolimo, embonini ye-metallurway, embonini yamakhemikhali kanye nenqwaba ye ezinye izindawo zomnotho wezwe.
Muva nje, uMnyango Wezabasebenzi weRussia Federation ubukezelwa uhlu lwamanje, uwususe kuso ubuchwepheshe obuningana, namhlanje abusekho, futhi basuse ukuvinjelwa kwabesifazane abasezingeni elithile:
- umshayeli wezokuthutha ujantshi;
- umshayeli weloli;
- UCaptain of the Sea noma umfula umfula, njll.
Abamele uMnyango Wezemisebenzi YaseRussia bakhombisa ukuthi ukususwa kwezinkamba ezivela kothile ochwepheshe sekuzenzeke ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ezenzakalelayo kanye ne-rovotization yemijikelezo yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezimboni. Manje abesifazane bazokwazi ukusebenza kochwepheshe obunjalo ngenxa yokuthi izimo zokusebenza zithuthuke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi zancipha ekusongelweni okungenani kwempilo yabesifazane.
Uhlu olusha luzoqala ukusebenza kusuka ngoJanuwari 1, 2021. Kuyo, ubuchwepheshe obangeyingozi buhlukaniswe yaba yimikhakha. Ngokuvamile, owesifazane waseRussia nanamuhla anqatshelwe ukusebenza emijikelezweni ethile yokukhiqiza ezimbonini zezimboni eziningana:
- amakhemikhali;
- izimayini;
- metallurgical;
- ukusebenzisa insimbi;
- lapho imithombo yokumba;
- Emkhiqizweni kawoyela nokukhiqizwa kwegesi;
- ku-metallurgy emnyama nengewona iqiniso;
- ekukhiqizeni ama-elekthronikhi kanye nobunjiniyela beRadio;
- embonini yezindiza;
- ekukhayeni komkhumbi;
- ekukhiqizeni iphepha leselula;
- embonini kasimende kanye nokukhiqizwa kwenqubekela phambili;
- embonini yokunyathelisa.
Iqembu ngalinye linikeze uhlu lwezinto ezikhethekile abesifazane abakwazi ukusebenza ngenxa yezimo ezinzima zokusebenza. Lo msebenzi ubanjwe ohlwini, olungasekho okukhona ngenxa yokwenziwa kwezinye izimpukane zokukhiqiza ezimbonini ezahlukene.
Ubuchwepheshe obungenakufinyeleleka emazweni ahlukene
Iminyaka engama-70 yokuba khona kwe-USSR yenza amazwe amaningi aphesheya abukeze izimo zokuphepha nezimo lapho abesifazane bengakwazi ukusebenza khona. Ngokwezibalo zanamuhla, naphezu kwezenzo ezisebenzayo zabesifazane emhlabeni wanamuhla, emazweni angu-104 kukhona ukuvinjelwa kochwepheshe kanye nomsebenzi wohlobo oluthile lwabesifazane. Ngasikhathi sinye, imikhawulo emisha ayinyamalali ngokuthuthuka kwenqubekela phambili yezobuchwepheshe, kepha iyanezela kuphela.Ngo-2016, ochwepheshe basebhange lomhlaba wonke bangenise imininingwane ngokusho kwalapho kunamazwe angaphezu kwe-150, emthethweni oyedwa okungenani ongumthetho oyedwa, unciphisa ilungelo lowesifazane ukusebenzela umsebenzi. Ukuvinjwa kanye nemikhawulo kuhlotshaniswa hhayi ngamasiko enkolo namasiko kuphela, kodwa futhi nokukhiqizwa okuyingozi, abesifazane abakwazi ukusebenza ngawo.
EChina
Ku-PRC njengokuvinjelwa okunjalo ngomsebenzi osindayo kwabesifazane akunjalo. Bayenqatshelwe ukutadisha inqwaba yezimboni nezinye izipesheli:
- ubunjiniyela bezimayini;
- Ukuzulazula nebhizinisi elihambisanayo;
- Umsebenzi oqhumayo nabanye.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ekuqaleni abesifazane abakwazi ukuba ngabamelene nalabo abezimo zomnotho, lapho umsebenzi uhlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe kanye nezimo ezinzima zokusebenza.
Ukuvinjelwa okuwukuphela komsebenzi ofakwe ngumthetho kuwumsebenzi ezimayini lapho abesifazane baseChina bengakwazi ukuthola khona umsebenzi ngokuya ngomthetho osebenzayo.
EPakistan
Kuleli lizwe, lapho abesifazane abaningi besabandakanyeka emsebenzini okhokhelwa kancane, imikhawulo kubasebenzi besifazane nabo bayakhathazeka ngempilo yabesifazane. Ngakho-ke, imithetho yePakistan yenqabela abahlanza besifazane ukugeza phansi kanye nemishini ezindaweni zokusebenzela ngezikhathi zomsebenzi, lapho kusetshenziswa imishini nemishini nemishini. Ukuhlanza kungenziwa kuphela kusihlwa noma ebusuku lapho imishini imiswa.EMadagascar
Kuleli lizwe, elihlobene nomunye wabampofu kakhulu, futhi kunokwenqatshelwa kwemisebenzi eminingi yabesifazane. Ngakho-ke, anqatshelwe ukusebenza emabhizinisini azibandakanya ekukhiqizweni kukagesi ebusuku. Kuvunyelwe futhi kwabesifazane ukuthi babambe iqhaza emsebenzini okuhlobene nokulungiselela, ukuhlunga nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yokuphrinta yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Cishe kungenxa yokuthi uphawu lwezincwadi eziningi kulelizwe lwenziwa ubuchwepheshe obudala, obuhlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa kokuhola.
E-Argentina
Kuleli lizwe, iLatin America inokuvinjelwa okuningana kwabesifazane kubuchwephesha obuhlobene namazinga aphezulu wokungezwani. Azikwazi ukusebenza kubuchwepheshe obulandelayo:- izicubu ezitimeleni;
- izicishamlilo;
- emsebenzini oqhumayo;
- ekukhiqizeni, lapho kunomsebenzi ngezinto ezivuthayo kanye nezinsimbi ezingakhulisa;
- ekukhiqizeni utshwala;
- embonini yengilazi;
- Emijikelezweni yokukhiqiza lapho izinto ezinobuthi zikhona;
- abalayisha;
- Ukuhamba kwezinto ezishisayo.
Ngezindlela eziningi, uhlu oluvinjelwe kangaka lukhombisa ukwakheka kwezimboni komnotho wase-Argentina, lapho kunesibalo esikhulu sezimboni eziyingozi kanye nesimanjemanje azenziwe isikhathi eside.
EFrance
Kuleli lizwe laseYurophu, abesifazane anqatshelwe ukusebenza kumakhono ahlotshaniswa nokuphakamisa izinsimbi. Imithetho ekhona yokuvikela abakhona yenqabela abaqashi ukuthi basebenzise abesifazane emsebenzini ohlobene nokuphakamisa izimpahla ngaphezulu kwama-25 kg ngesandla nama-45 kg kuma-lifts angaphezu kwama-45. Ngalesi sizathu, eFrance, abesifazane abasebenzi ngeposi, abathumeli noma abathengisi. Kuleli lizwe, elibhekwa njengezwe lokunyakaza kwe-sounist, owesifazane kunzima ukuthola umsebenzi okhethekile wesilisa. Ngakho-ke, lapho ethatha umsebenzi, umlimi, umshayeli noma i-autoslemer, owesifazane wenqaba ama-22% kaningi kunowesilisa.
Ngokuvamile, kungabonakala ukuthi ukunqatshelwa komsebenzi kuxhunyiwe, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngesici sokomzimba. Abesifazane emvelweni ngeke bafeze umsebenzi onzima womzimba ohlobene nokuphakamisa izinsimbi. Ukuvinjelwa kanye nezimo zokusebenza ezithinta kabi ikusasa ohlelweni lokuzala lwabesifazane futhi kungaholela ekungangeniseni.
Ukukhanselwa kwenqatshelwe kochwepheshe abaningi besifazane, okwenzeke eRussia, kuchazwa ngokwenza ngcono izimo zokusebenza, ubuncane bezingozi zempilo yabesifazane.
