Abantu abalalelayo banamathuba amaningi empilweni ephumelelayo. Kuphakama umbuzo: "Ngani?" Ngoba indoda engathandeki yeqa kakhulu. Imvamisa akaziboni ama-trifles abaluleke kakhulu futhi adingekayo, impilo yethu kwesinye isikhathi. Akukho okumangazayo. Noma ngubani obhekisela endlebeni yabo, uhlala azi okuningi futhi uyazi kanjani. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu onjalo akadideki esimweni esinzima futhi angaphuma kuwo akufanele.
Kungani ukudinga?
Igama elithi "ukulalela" livela egameni elithi "ukuthula". Uhlobo lokugcina lwegama lolo lonke kusho ukuqonda okukhethiwe kwento ethile kunoma yiluphi ulwazi. Ukulalela ukunciphisa umsebenzi wakho bese uqala kancane ubone imininingwane. Leli gama liphikisana namazwi okushesha noma ahlukahlukene. Uma umuntu ehlola ngokucophelela hlobo luni lwenkinga, uyahamba kancane, ngoba ukwazi kwakhe kugxilwe kule nkinga kuphela.
Ukuze ube ngumuntu oqoqwe ongakwazi ukuveza ukugxila lapho esebenza noma ongazibonakalisa emisebenzini yokuqeqesha, udinga ukuthuthukisa ukunaka kwakho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sici sizosiza:
- Ungaphazanyiswa ama-trifles;
- Naka inketho engcono kakhulu uma udinga ukwenza noma yikuphi ukukhetha;
- hlola imininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka;
- Sebenzisa imininingwane oyifunayo lapho kufanele iphinde yenziwe ngememori;
- thula uma isimo sokucindezela sifika;
- yeka ukucasuka ngenxa yento engadingekile futhi engadingekile;
- Yizwa noma ubone ukuthi abanye abangayizwa kanjani;
- Iba nesineke;
- funda ukunaka abantu abaseduze;
- ufunda ukuxhumana ngendlela efanele nabantu;
- zizwe ukubaluleka kwakho;
- Ekubeni ujabule.
QAPHELA: Umuntu ocophelela, njengomthetho, uyazi ngaphezu kwabanye. Ungumuntu ocabangayo, ngoba umsebenzi wakhe wengqondo uhlala ehlaziya lolu lwazi noma lolo lwazi. Ngakho-ke, abantu bahlala bekhanga umuntu onjalo futhi bakuthole. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi lo muntu uzizwa ebalulekile nokubaluleka kwawo.
Izigaba Zoguquguqukayo Zokunaka
Kwi-Psychology Kukholelwa ukuthi zonke izinqubo ezenzeka emqondweni womuntu zinokubaluleka okuphansi nangokuphakeme. Ukunakwa futhi kunamazinga alo. Ileveli ephansi kakhulu ukunakwa kokuzithandela (ngokushesha), futhi izinga eliphakeme kakhulu linokuhlushwa ngokungacabangi. Isazi sezengqondo saseSoviet L. S. Vygotsky sikholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlushwa kuhlobene ngqo nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yokuziphatha. Ukunakwa kuthuthukiswa ngokuya ngohlelo olunjalo: Ukusuka ngqo kubucayi kakhulu, okungukuthi, imisebenzi yesikhashana iyaqhubeka ekunakekelweni kokuzithandela kokuphikisana.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukunakwa kuyavela ezinkombeni ezihlukile zokungalingani. Konke kuncike emsebenzini okhethiwe (izifundo, amakhono ochwepheshe, njll.). Kusuka esitatimendeni esifanayo singaphetha: Ukunakwa kungathuthukiswa ngokwemvelo.
Umuntu kumele afundise nokunaka kwakhe ngonembeza. Ukuze wenze lokhu, angethula imisebenzi enjalo empilweni yakhe ezomsiza athuthukise futhi athuthukise izinga lakhe lobuhlakani.
Kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okuqondile nokubekelwe ukunakwa. Lezi zinto ezimbili zinezinto ezijwayelekile zombili futhi zihlukaniswe. Kulo mbuzo, konke kuchazwa nje. Ukunakwa kwemvelo kuyakhula njengokuthuthukiswa kobuchopho bomuntu. Kunokuqongelelwa kancane kancane kwesipiliyoni, ulwazi namakhono. Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi wokuqonda luyinqubo ende kakhulu, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengezinzile kakhulu. Lapho ukunakwa kuthuthukisa indlela engeyona eyemvelo (esheshayo), le nqubo ayizinzile kangako, ngoba kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa ulwazi olutholwe. Imisebenzi yentuthuko esheshayo yenziwa kusetshenziswa izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene.
Ngenqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwezobunhloli, umuntu udinga isikhathi esincane. Kodwa-ke, konke ukuzivocavoca kanye namakilasi akhethekile kufanele kusekelwe ngesipiliyoni sempilo. Lapho lezi zinto ezimbili ziqala ukusebenzisana, khona-ke ukusetshenziswa kokunakwa kuzoba umsebenzi ophumelelayo. Kuyadingeka ukubheka ukuthi inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kokunakwa, kufaka phakathi ingane encane, bekungeke kwenzeke ukufeza amakhono okukhuluma, ngaphandle kokulingisa ukuziphatha kwabanye abantu futhi ngaphandle kwamakhono amahle engqondo.
Qaphela: Ochwepheshe baqala ukutadisha inqubo yokuthuthuka muva nje. Phambilini, ososayensi abaningi babenethemba lokuthi izingane akufanele zihlakulele ukunakwa. Futhi kuphela ngekhulu lama-20, intuthuko yokuqala yokuthuthukiswa kokunakwa kwezingane kanye nabantu abadala yatholakala. Igalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubo engenhla lenziwe yi-Psycholologist yezengqondo eyaziwayo uL. Vygotsky, ubani, ngemuva kokuthola isu lokuthuthuka kwencazelo ephelele ngezinqubo eziqondayo zomuntu, waqala ukutadisha le nkinga engenhla.
Kwacaca ukuthi inqubo yokuthuthukisa ukunakwa kokuphikisana nasezinganeni iqala ukuhamba kahle kuphela lapho ingane iqala ukwenza imisebenzi yezokwelapha neyemfundo. Inqubo enhle enjalo ithuthuka lapho ingane iya esikoleni futhi iqhubekele emakilasini ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene.
Kuseminyakeni yesikole eyenziwa yizingane kanye nekhono lokulawula imisebenzi yabo.
Iminyaka eyi-10, inqubo yokuhlushwa ibangela ukukhuthaza okungokomzwelo, futhi kuthola umlingiswa ongcono. Futhi eminyakeni eyi-12-14 ezinganeni ziqala isikhathi sokushintshana (ukwakhiwa kabusha komzimba), okunciphisa izici zokuqaphelisisa. Ngenxa yesikhathi sokushintsha, ingane iza ukukhathala okusheshayo ekusebenzeni komsebenzi wobuhlakani. Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuncishiswa kokulawulwa kwe-cortical. Ekupheleni kwenkathi yentsha, konke kwakhiwe. L. S. Vygotsky ezinqume isikhathi lapho izigaba ezithile zokulungiswa ukunakwa zenzeka:
- Isigaba sokuqala ukulawula ukwazi kwengane ngabantu abadala;
- Isigaba sesibili ukwakheka kwengane njengesihloko, manje angathola abantu abadala ezidingweni zakhe;
- Isigaba sesithathu sisho izindlela zokuphatha ukwazi kwabo nokuziphatha kwabo ingane eyamukelwe ngabantu abadala;
- Isiteji se-4 sisho ukuphathwa kwengane ukunaka kwayo.
Lapho umuntu ethatha ukulawula kwazo zonke izinsiza zangaphakathi ezikuvumela ukuthi uphathe ukunakwa, bese ukhula.
Ungakhulisa kanjani ukunakwa?
Kuyaziwa ukuthi lowo muntu uyizinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili zokunakwa ngokuzithandela nokunakwa ngokuphikisana. Uma kunikezwa idiphozithi yohlobo lokuqala lokunakwa kusukela ekuzalweni, khona-ke kudingeka sihlakulele kanzima. Cabanga ngalo mbuzo ngokuningiliziwe.-Hlofuzile
Ukuphakamisa kwalo kuhlobene ngqo nokuqaphela ukuthi umuntu kufanele afunde futhi asebenze. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukufaka uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi wakhe wengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, Lapho izingane ezincane zesikole ziba ngamalungu eqembu, zihlala zizama ukufeza impumelelo futhi zivelele phambi kwabalingani babo. Izenzo ezinjalo zihlose ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kokunakekelwa. Kuyadingeka ukubheka ukuthi ukunakwa okungahleliwe kuyaqaphela. Ngasikhathi sinye, zonke izindlela zemfundo ziqondiswa kuphela ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwayo kwezobunhloli.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ingane ibone le nqubo futhi yaqonda ukuthi imfundiso ngumsebenzi odingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kobuntu. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka anikeze ingane ithuba lokuqonda umgomo wokugcina wokufunda kwakhe ukuze akwazi ukuhambisa ngokwakhe imiphumela yokusebenza kwakhe uqobo.
Ngakho-ke, ingane lapho ukufunda kufanele kube nentshisekelo ethile, futhi ukuze anganyamalali, kudingeka azi ngezinzuzo zomphumela wokugcina. Isibonelo, umfundi kufanele aqonde ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe okuphumelelayo kwesikole kuzoba nomthelela eyunivesithi ehlonishwayo, ngemuva kwalokho angathola umsebenzi okhokha kakhulu.
Khumbula: Ukuthola ukunakwa kokuphikisana, abantu abadala (othisha kanye nabazali) kumele kusebenze ngokuhlelekile nangokungaguquki. Imfundo esuselwa kuphela ekuheheni kokunakwa kokuzithandela ngeke inikeze umphumela oyifunayo. Ngeke futhi inikezwe umphumela oyifunayo kanye nenqubo yemfundo, eyenzelwe kuphela ukuheha ukunakwa kokuphikisana. Kulokhu, ingane ivele ikhungatheke ukuze ifunde.
Kungakho ukuqeqeshwa nezinqubo zokufundisa kufanele kwakhiwe ekuthuthukisweni kwazo zombili izinhlobo zokunakwa.
Ngokuzitha
Imfundo yokunakwa kokuzithandela isuselwa emandleni okugxila kulwazi oluhlukahlukene, qhathanisa khona amaqiniso, njll. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, abazali kumele bakwazi ukusazisana emhlabeni jikelele, okulandelayo zenzeke nxazonke. Ngemuva kwalokho inqubo yokufunda izoba nzima. Ingane izokhombisa imizwa, futhi ukunakwa kokuzithandela kuzoqala ukuthuthuka ngokushesha.
Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha kumele zikhanye futhi zibukwe. Isibonelo, ukukhombisa ubuhle bemvelo, uthisha kumele adonse lesi sithombe, ezadalwa ngabaculi abamukelwa ngokuvamile. Ukuboniswa kwezehlakalo zemvelo, ungasebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene okuthokozisayo nomsebenzi osebenzayo.
Futhi khumbula ukuthi kusendaweni encane yokufunda okubonakalayo okunencazelo ekhethekile nebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lokuqeqeshwa ludinga ukuhambisana nemibandela ethile. Isibonelo, kufanele uqale ufake umsebenzi othile bese ulixazulula, bese kuphela lapho wenza ukuqhathanisa futhi uthole ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula umsebenzi ofanayo. Kancane kancane, izingane zizofunda ukuqaphela ukuthi imininingwane edinga ukunakekelwa. Ngendlela efanayo abazokwazi ukuthola izinto ezibalulekile nezibalulekile eziqukethwe enkingeni.
Isibonelo, okuhlongozwayo kokutadisha kufanele kube kukhanye kakhulu ngesimo salo futhi kucebile kokuqukethwe. Ngakho-ke, uzokwazi ukudala inzalo futhi avuse imisebenzi yengqondo. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho abafundi becabanga ngokuxazulula inkinga. Iqhaza elikhulu ekwakhiweni kwengqondo lidlala izinga elijwayelekile lamasiko, ngoba yilona linomthelela ekuthuthukisweni ukunakwa kokuzithandela.
Ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo namasu
Ukwandisa ubuhlakani, udinga ukukhulisa kahle ukuqwashisa. Lokhu kudinga ukuzijwayeza. Ukwazi ukuqonda kuhambisana nokunaka. Lapho lezi zinto ezimbili zilungiswa kahle, amakhono engqondo azothuthuka. Uma ungalingisa ukuqwashisa, ungagxila kalula ekutholeleni kwakho okuthile okubalulekile futhi okudingekayo kuwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungangezelela inkumbulo yakho futhi uthuthukise imikhuba ezokuvumela ukuthi usebenze naphezu kobunzima besimo. Khumbula ukuthi izindlela zokwenza izindlela ezikhulisa ukuqwashisa kungasiza ekufezekeni.
Kunamasu ahlukahlukene anikela kahle ekukhiqizweni kwazo zombili izinkomba. Izaphulelo zisivumela ukuthi sigxile kwintshisekelo futhi ngaleyo ndlela sithuthukise zonke izinhlobo zomsebenzi wezengqondo. Ukuze izingane zingakhathali, futhi intshisekelo yazo ekufundeni ayizange inyamalale, kuyadingeka ukuhlela ukuhlaselwa ngokomzimba ngesikhathi sesifundo. Ukushaja okuncane kuzonikeza umphumela onjalo ozofaniswa nokuzivocavoca kwengqondo. Ukuzivocavoca "ukundiza" kudinga ibhodi enenkambu edwetshiwe (3x3) kwisimiso samashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Udinga futhi ukuthenga ucezu lwepulasitiki (luzosebenza njengezimpukane). Uthisha uthumela imiyalo: kwesokudla noma kwesobunxele, phansi noma phezulu. Bonke abafundi bebheka ngokucophelela ukunyakaza kwento bese bezama ukukuvimbela enkambeni yokudlala. Uma "ukundiza" kudlula insimu, ibuyela enkabeni yeBhodi, futhi umdlalo uqala futhi.
Cabanga ngamanye amasu asebenzayo. Indlela yokuhlushwa ekuphefumulweni kwabo ngeke isize hhayi nje ukuphumula, kepha lungisa izinga lokuhlushwa kokuthile. Ukwenza le ndlela, udinga ukuhlala esihlalweni bese ulandela ukuphefumula kwakho. Lapho nje ujwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza lesi senzo, ingqondo yakho iqala ngokuphazanyiswa yizenzo zangaphandle. Isibonelo, ukhumbula ngokuzumayo ngesidlo sasemini noma ngezitsha ezingabekezeleleki. Uma kukhona okuhlukaniswe nomqondo oyinhloko, kuzodingeka ubuyele esimweni sawo sokuqala bese uqhubeka nokugcina ukuphefumula kwakho.
Khulisa amandla okunakekelwa kweqembu kuzosiza lo msebenzi olandelayo. Ukufeza, bonke ababambiqhaza baba isiyingi. Phakathi kusale. Umethuli unikeza iqembu: "Ukusa ekuseni kusenesikhathi!", Emva kwalokho abadlali baqala ukuzibandakanya nasemilenzeni ngokungakhethi. Kungazelelwe ukuhola kuyabika: "Ukukala konke!" (Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi izwi lithule). Lowo mdlali ongazange ezwe futhi akazange alifeze iqembu, "abamba" ukubheka. Osehlile uyabheka, futhi ukubukeka kwangaphambili kuba embuthanweni ojwayelekile. Umdlalo usiza ekufezekiseni ukuqaphela nokubukwa.
Udinga kangaki ukuqeqeshwa?
Khulisa ukunaka kwayo kufanele wonke umuntu oqondayo. Izingane kule nqubo kufanele zisize abantu abadala. Vumela lo msebenzi ube ngomunye wemikhombandlela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni. Ngakho-ke, qeqesha ukunakwa kwakho njalo futhi yonke indawo. Isibonelo, uhamba nengane esendleleni eya esitolo noma epaki. Cela ingane yakho ukuthi inake izinto ezizungezile: izihlahla, imingcele, uthango, izakhiwo. Vumela ingane yakho ukuba ifunde ukukhumbula ngekhanda zonke izikhonkwane: umbala, ukwakheka, ubungako, ikhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo. Isibonelo, wabona uthango lukakhonkolo oluhlaza noma odlula esitolo, izindonga zazo ezazisobala ngokuphelele.
Buza Imibuzo Yezingane Imibuzo: "Uthango lwalusobala?" Noma "Uboneni ngezindonga ezisobala zesitolo?" njll. Imibuzo enjalo izonikeza umfutho, futhi umsebenzi wengqondo uzosebenza ngamandla aphelele. Khumbula: Ukuzivocavoca okukhethekile kwanda ukunakekelwa kahle kakhulu, kepha uma kukhiqizwa ngqo, umphumela uthuthukiswa kuphela. Uyacelwa ukuthi wazi ukuthi ngesikhathi sokulala, ubuchopho bomuntu bahlala bahlanganisa imininingwane ayitholile phambilini.
Ngakho-ke, ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokulala. Dlala nengane yakho kumdlalo onjalo. Makavale amehlo akhe, futhi ngalesi sikhathi ufihla noma yini. Ngemuva kokuba ingane ivule amehlo, kuzofanela inqume into elahlekile.
Kuvidiyo elandelayo, uzothola ukuzivocavoca okuthokozisayo kokuthuthukiswa kokunakwa lapho usebenza ngolwazi.