Maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, uthunga into uku-oda noma ukululungisa kwakungewona wonke umuntu ephaketheni, ngoba izinsizakalo zokwengeza zibiza kakhulu. Ngenhlanhla, kwavela umshini wokuthunga unyawo, owasiza impilo yabavakashi abaningi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, waqala ukuthuthuka, okwasiza ukudala ubuciko bangempela.
Umlando
Umshini wokuthunga wenyawo awunazo izici eziningi kangaka nemigqa yokuyisebenzisa esitudiyo esikhethekile. Kepha ukusebenza ekhaya, umshini onjalo wawuyindlela engcono kakhulu. Ukusebenza nge-drive yonyawo, izandla zahlala zikhululekile, ezivunyelwe ukusheshisa inqubo yokuthunga futhi zithuthukise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi UMdali wale modeli waba ngumculi we-ISAOC . Nguye owenze lokho ukwenza ukuthi ama-tailors akwazi ukuhambisa izicubu ngezindlela ezihlukile futhi adale imithungo engajwayelekile. Ngokuqala kwedrayivu yonyawo, umthungo waqala ukuba ngcono, okusheshise umsebenzi.
Futhi kwaziwa nangokuthi Kwakukhona abanye abadali bemishini yokuthunga ephethe unyawo, kepha abawelanga emlandweni. Iqiniso ngukuthi ukuvunywa okusemthethweni komshini wokukhiqiza, kwakudingeka ukuthi akhokhe ubunikazi bokubalwa kwamalungelo obunikazi abungazange futhi baba ngabasekeli bokwenza amamodeli amasha.
Unjiniyela womshini wenza kanjalo inaliti iqhubekela phambili, hhayi ngokuvundlile, njengoba yayinjalo kumamodeli wangaphambilini. Ngemuva kwalokho wathuthukisa idivaysi enophawu olukhethekile, uKelll Kelned. Ngenxa yalezi zinqubo, indwangu yaqoshwa futhi yahanjiswa ngokukhululeka endaweni lapho imisipha izoyithumela khona.
Iminyaka emi-3 Ngemuva kokudalwa kwemodeli yokuqala, i-zinger yasungula inkampani yakhe Lapho amamodeli athuthukile esele adalwe khona, ngosizo lwazo imishini eyinkimbinkimbi engenziwa futhi ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ababhangeli baqala ukuthengisa ngezitokwane, kwenziwa ukuze bakwazi ukuceba kuphela, kodwa futhi nabantu abajwayelekile. Kungakho i-firm ithole ukuthandwa okukhulu, futhi ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa ngemuva kokuvulwa kwefekthri yokuqala, abanye bavela, nasemazweni ahlukahlukene.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi u-Isaka wazama ukuzoduma: Ngemuva kwakho konke, umshini wokuthunga wemishini wokuqala nge-foot drive wavela maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, kanti amanye amamodeli asasebenza.
Imaniwali yosebenzisayo
Abanikazi abaningi bahlala imishini yokuthunga yasolwandle, Kepha akuyena wonke umuntu owazi imiyalo yawo yokusebenzisa.
- Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukuthola umshini uqobo, owakhelwe kwikhabethe letafula . Kulokhu, i-valve yangaphambili iyakhuphuka, inhloko yomshini iyakhishwa, nokuthi iyazinza, i-valve yehlisiwe.
- Kukhona umugqa wesondo lokuqala, elihambisana nomsubathi . Kubekwa phezu kwalo ibhande eliyindilinga elixhuma i-pulley ye-flywheel nesiqalisi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukujikeleza kwenzeka.
- Enqubweni yokusebenza, kucindezela njalo ezinyaweni zezinyawo , ngokulahlekisela okwenzeka kuyo ukunyakaza kwe-oscillatory. Lokhu kuqala ukuzungeza induku yokuxhuma ne-crank, bona, nabo, basebenzise isondo lokuqalisa.
- Ukugcwalisa intambo, udinga ukubuyisela emuva kwikhoyili ku-bobbin . Ukuze uthole lokhu, ikhoyili ifakwa kwiphini ephezulu yomshini. Okulandelayo, kufanele ujike intambo ephezulu, ugcwalise bese ukhipha intambo ephansi. Ekupheleni kwemicu ephezulu nangaphansi udinga ukuqala ngemuva kwe-paw.
Ukusebenzela i-typewriter enjalo, kufanelekile ukulandela imithetho yezokuphepha.
- Qhubeka njalo ukunyakaza kwezandla nemilenze. Uma ukunyakaza kungaqondakali, khona-ke ungonakalisa lokho.
- Ngemuva kokuphothula ibhande, kuyadingeka ukudubula ngeketanga elikhethekile, futhi Kungenzeka ukulugqoka kuphela ngaphambi kokuqala ukuthunga. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi, akunakwenzeka ukuyibamba ukuze ungalimali.
- Intambo yokukhulisa inaliti, landela imilenze - Akufanele babe sezisekelweni.
Uma ulandela yonke imithetho yezokuphepha, khona-ke into eqediwe ingathungwa esikhathini esifushane.
Umuntu omusha wokuqala kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukusebenza emshinini wokuthunga nge-drive yonyawo. Yingakho ke Ukuze ufunde ukulawula ukunyakaza kwezandla nemilenze, ukuqala ngakho kufanelekile ukuthi ufunde ukuthi ungalwa kanjani, okungukuthi, vele usebenzele ukunyakaza kwama-pedals.
Lungisa
Umshini wokuthunga wenyawo awunakugwemeka impela, futhi uma kwenzeka kuba nokuwohloka, akulona iqiniso ukuhudula kulowokusebenzela. Ngakho-ke, labo abasasebenzisa le modeli kufanele bazi ukuthi bangayilungisa kanjani ekhaya.
- Kwembula izikulufo . Okokuqala, uzodinga ukwehlisa amantongomane e-Lock - ukhiye wephondo kufanelekile. Okulandelayo, i-screwdriver ejwayelekile inganqatshwa ngezikulufo ezingezinhle. Uma ukulungiswa kungakhiqizwanga isikhathi eside, khona-ke ngaphandle kokhiye obhekene no-6, kungenzeka ukuthi kwenziwe izikulufa, cishe, kwakukuhle embhedeni ngenxa yamafutha nothuli. Icala elilandelayo kufanele lihlanze kahle indiza yesigaxa yesikulufa, gcoba ngamafutha bese ubeka endaweni.
- Ukulungisa ama-node. Ukuqeda ukungqongqoza, okuvela ku-drive foot, udinga ukubopha ngesigaxa. Akunakwenzeka ukubambezela kakhulu ngoba inkinga ingahle ivele futhi. Uma, ngemuva kokubopha isigaxa, ukungqongqoza akuzange kunyamalale, kungenzeka, kuvela kwenye indawo ebekwe enkabeni ye-flywheel lapho kufakwa khona ibhande. Thatha le ndlela kufanele ithathwe ngokucophelela, ngoba le hinge ngumthelela. Uma sekuphelele, khona-ke udinga nje ukugcoba ngokugcoba okukhethekile, ukuguqula igebe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuthwala kuzofanela kushintshe okusha.
- Esikhundleni sebhande le-drive. Iminyaka eminingi yokusebenza, ibhande liyagqokwa, ngakho-ke kuvamile. Ibhande langempela lenziwe ngezilimo eziluhlaza, kepha lingashintshwa ngentambo yelineni elijwayelekile noma umucu wesikhumba. Uma ungafuni ukudidanisa nxazonke, ibhande ledrayivu yonyawo lingahlala lithengwa esitolo esikhethekile. Uma ibhande liphule, futhi le nto akwenziwanga, ingahle ikhokhwe ngesiqeshana sokubhala.
Eqinisweni, yonke into ilula kakhulu, ngakho-ke nganoma yikuphi ukuhlukana ungabhekana nawe njalo.
Izinhlobo
Kunamamodeli wemishini yokuthunga embalwa eyaziwayo nge-drive foot.Umculi.
Lawa mamodeli anasendulo ayengowokuqala ukusetshenziselwa ukushayela unyawo. Kuthiwa izinsimbi eziyigugu zazisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwazo. Ngendlela, uma umuntu enamakhophi anjalo, khona-ke ungabheka ukuthi ngabe insimbi iyiqiniso lapho . Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukuletha uzibuthe ohlangothini lwensimbi. Uma uzibuthe enganamatheli, khona-ke kukhona insimbi eyigugu (igolide, isiliva noma i-palladium). Izindleko zemishini yokuthunga yomculi ziphezulu, kepha eziningi zazo zithola ukwengeza i-retrostil.
Izimoto zaseSoviet ezinethebhu
E-USSR, kwenziwa izinketho ezahlukahlukene zabasebenza ngonyawo. Imodeli enjalo ilula ngoba Ekamelweni angaba wusizo njengethebula elijwayelekile. Futhi uma udinga ukuthunga okuthile, khona-ke iKhabhinethi ligoqwa kalula. Futhi ungangeza konke okudingayo ukuze uthunyelwe.
Ngendlela, umshini wokuhamba ngetafula elinamaphiko ethebula ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zendwangu (ifilakisi, uvolo, zokwenziwa, usilika) futhi wenza izinhlobo ezi-2 zemigqa - Direct and Zigzag.
Umshini wokuthunga "wasolwandle". Inikeze imigqa eqondile neyama-zigzag kuphela. Akazange asebenzise ukuthandwa kakhulu, ngoba kwakukhona izithiyo zazo - ukuntuleka kwe-lever ekhethekile eguqukayo.
Imodeli eyaziwayo yaseSoviet "podolsk" yayiyintandokazi ye-Shvent eningi. Ngaphezu kwemigqa eqondile ne-zigzag, kungenzeka ukwenza imigqa yokuhlobisa.
"Orsha"
Isici samamodeli "orsha" sasikhona Intambo enamafutha aphakathi nendawo ne-semi-othomathikhi e-bobbin.
Uvemvane.
Le modeli ukukhiqizwa kwamaShayina, kepha kungathengwa kunoma yiliphi idolobha le-USSR. Lo mshini waseChinese wabuka ngendlela yetafula enamabhokisi amabili abuyiselwe. Wayengumfanekiso ophelele we-typewriter yokuqala yokubhala.
Kuze kube manje, imishini yokuthunga nge-drive yonyawo ingathengwa kuphela ezitolo zakudala noma othile ekhaya endaweni esetshenzisiwe. Kepha, yize iqiniso lokuthi amamodeli wemishini yokuthunga athuthukiswa njalo ngonyaka, imigqa eyinkimbinkimbi nayo ingaye yenziwa emishinini emishini. Into esemqoka ukukwazi ukucindezela kahle ama-pedals futhi ulawule ukunyakaza kwezandla nemilenze.
Mayelana nokuthi ufunde kanjani ukulutha umshini wokubhala nge-drive yonyawo, bheka ividiyo elandelayo.