Isitayela sezakhiwo se-Medieval Europe sakhunjulwa yimibhoshongo ekhonjisiwe, ephakeme, efana nomcibisholo ngawo windows, amakholomu namafasitela engilazi anamabala. Isitayela se-Gothic sashiya umaki wakhe kulo lonke isakhiwo sezwe.
Yini?
Isikhathi sonke ekwakhiweni kwamasiko aseYurophu, okuvamile ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo, kanye nentshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeYurophu, kusuka ku-XI kuya kwikhulu le-XVI, kubizwa ngokuthi i-Gothic.
Kuhunyushwe kusuka ku-Goteico yase-Italy, kusho "okungajwayelekile", "BARBARIC".
Kwethulwa leli gama i-Italian Giorgio Vazari. Isikhathi se-Gothic silandela ezothando futhi siqedela ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko bezikhathi zakudala. Inkathi elandelayo yeRenaissance ibheka njengeNkathi Ephakathi esikhathini esiyingqayizivele.
Imvamisa ngaphansi kwaleli gama kusho isitayela sezakhiwo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo. Kepha i-gothic iyinombolo ye-ART: isithombe esibaziweyo, ingilazi enamabala, i-miniature, ukupenda, i-fresco.
Isici esiyinhloko sesitayela se-Gothic ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo siwukuklanywa kwezakhiwo. Kuhlala kumnandi kakhulu, kuhle futhi kunesikhumbuzo. Isitayela esivame kakhulu sasisetshenziselwa ukudala izikhungo zenkolo - amasonto, amakati. Futhi nokho, osayizi bangaphandle bezakhiwo bahlala babonakala bethobekile kakhulu kunangaphakathi.
Ukuphakama kwama-cathedrals namathempeli kwaqinisekiswa ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwefreyimu ekwakhiweni kwabo. Izici ezakhayo zezakhiwo ze-Gothic zifaka:
- ubambo (ama-arches angaphakathi aphakathi);
- I-ArkButanov (ama-arches angaphandle aqhubekayo);
- ama-countepports (izinsika zangaphandle eziqondile ezimile);
- I-PINAKLELES (ama-turrets akhombe);
- IVimpergov (ama-crusades, i-caron eqoshiwe).
Isitayela se-Gothic enyakatho yeFrance savela, maphakathi nekhulu le-XII. Isonto lokuqala lamaGothic lakhiwa eSaint-Denis Abbey. Kancane kancane, ukwakhiwa okunjalo kusakazekele kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu, kufaka phakathi i-United Kingdom, eJalimane naseSpain. E-Apennine peninsula, i-gothic yafika kamuva kakhulu, ibhekana nezinguquko ezibalulekile, futhi yathola ukuqondisa okukhethekile "kwe-Italian", okwashintsha ngokushesha inkathi yeRenaissance.
Izinhlobo
Yonke yokwakhiwa kwenkathi yesikhathi sangemuva se-gothic ingahlukaniswa ngezikhathi ezintathu.
- Ekuseni, Izinsuku ezivela maphakathi ne-XII nekota yokuqala yekhulu le-XIII. Igama lesibili lesikhathi yi-gothic gothic. Ngalesi sikhathi kusho ukwakhiwa kweFrance. ISonto LaseSanta-Denis Abbey laqala ukwakhiwa lisebenzisa izimbambo esikhundleni sezimbambo futhi zivela kwi-arch eyindilinga kuya ku-Intept.
- Ukuvuthwa (okuphezulu kwe-gothic). Igama lesibili "liyakhanya", izinsuku ezivela ku-1270-1380. Kuqanjwe kanjalo emhlobiso ojwayelekile kakhulu wesikhathi: ama-Windows-roses ngendlela yokukhanya kwelanga. Isampula elikhanyayo kakhulu yiParis Chapel of Saint-Chapel.
- Isikhathi sekwephuzile. Igama lesibili "livutha ama-gothic" - isitayela seManuelino (Portugal) no-Isabelino (esifundeni saseSpain). Bakhule kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-XIV-ukuqala kwekhulu le-XVI. Izici ezihlukile ezihlukile emihlobiso: Ama-Fropones aphezulu kanye nama-vertices atustes, ubukhona bamaphethini afana namalangabi.
E-Western Europe naseCentral Europe (e-United Kingdom naseJalimane), izigaba ze-Gothic Middle Ages zihlukaniswe ngendlela yazo.
- ILanzetoid Gothic , Isici esibonisa isimo siluhlaza okotshani oqoqwe ngesimo sogongolo, kufana nokubuka i-lancet. Isimilo sekhulu le-XIII, isampula ekhanyayo - isonto lesonto eSalisbury. Ayikho imihlobiso esekupheleni, okulula kanye naku-robir kunqoba.
- Ukuvela kwezinto zokuhlobisa emhlobisweni Wakhonza esihlokweni sesikhathi esisha - "wahlobisa i-gothic." I-arch ye-cathedral ifakwe ama-geometric angeziwe wejometri. Izinsuku zibuyele kwikhulu le-XIV. Okuvezwe kakhulu eMkhandlwini we-Exeter.
- I-Perpendicular Gothic isho ikhulu lama-20. Igama livela kwinani elikhulu lemigqa eqondile ekugcineni.
- Kweyesithathu yokuqala yekhulu le-XVI, kuvela uTudor Gothic. Kubonakala ngokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zezwe, izitini zisetshenziswa njengezinto eziphambili. Izakhiwo zokuqala ezenziwe ngesitayela seTudor Gothic - Isigodlo saseLondon sikaSanta James.
Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezobuciko ekhaya kancane kancane zitholile ukubukeka okujwayelekile ngokwesikhathi sethu. Amasampula asha, anethezekile efenisha athuthukiswa, ukuqedwa kokuhlobisa ngokudonsa.
Ezakhiwo zanamuhla, izitayela ezahlukahlukene zixhunyiwe. Emadolobheni amakhulu, ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ngesitayela sesimanje, ubuchwepheshe obuphakeme, ongezansi.
Ezakhiweni ekwakhiweni kwezindlu zezwe ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-Gothic: Izakhiwo zenziwa ngamatshe, setha amafasitela aphezulu we-arched nge-windows enamabala, i-tower ophahleni, sebenzisa umbala onsomi.
Amakhulu obuchwepheshe wakamuva we-XXI avumelekile ukwandisa i-gamut yombala osetshenzisiwe. Ngaphezu kwemithunzi ye-Gothic ye-Gothic emhlophe, empunga, emnyama, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaba luhlaza, kwaba lula, kube khona ukusebenziseka okupinki, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuphuzi kanye ne-orange ngesimo seglasi elinamanzi, ifenisha i-upholithi kanye nemikhiqizo ekhaphethi.
Isicelo engxenyeni engaphakathi
Ukwakha amaphrojekthi amasha ezakhiwo eziphansi, akudingekile ekwenzeni konke okudingekayo nezici zezakhi zezitayela ze-Gothic.
- Ukwakhiwa kwendlu kungenziwa ngezitini namabhulokhi kakhonkolo, futhi emhlobisweni ukusebenzisa udaka lokuhlobisa noma itshe lokulingisa ipaneli.
Izici zesimo sezimpawu ze-Gothic ziba ama-arches okuhlangene kanye namakholomu akha uhlaka lwendlu futhi adale ukuxhumeka kwe-multilayeaser yophahla.
Ophahleni esitayelweni segumbi eliphakeme aqokomisa ama-rafters avulelekile noma imishayo yokhuni. Ekwakhiweni kophahla kungenzeka ukuthi usebenzise imidwebo, i-stucco, yenziwe noma izinto zokuphonsa. Gcizelela isitayela sokusetshenziswa kodonga olungaphansi lwesithathu lokuhlobisa umhlobiso we-limestone, imabula noma itshe lasendle.
Inhlanganisela enhle kakhulu iyatholakala lapho kusetshenziswa udonga olubunjiwe futhi kuhlala khona amatshe avulekile etsheni. Igumbi libukeka lithakazelisa ngombala omnyama wodonga lwe-gothic. Kuthakazelisa kakhulu futhi okucebile ukudonsa ngephepha lodonga noma izindwangu. Isendlalelo esimnyama esinomhlobiso esimpunga, i-burgundy ejulile noma onsomi, ibhodlela eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye nemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ebomvu enegazi ukudala isimo sendabuko yaseVictoria.
- Isitayela se-Gothic efulethini lasemadolobheni sitholakala ngokukhetha imvelo ezungezile nefenisha.
Ukwakha umklamo owuthandayo we-Victorian Era, Kufakwa izicishamlilo zokuhlobisa, amakhandlela, ama-scarplips amancane avela ku-porcelain, ithusi kanye nethusi.
Ifenisha isetshenziswa elula, enkulu futhi encane. I-headboard embhedeni ebekelwe, izihlalo eziphakeme ezibaziweyo, ama-filecty oyder, aqukethe ama-buffet tiers ambalwa. Qiniseka ukuthi unezibuko eziphakeme zevintage, ama-lizarreplace ama-lictices, amalambu angama-bizarre anokumiswa kwe-crystal, amabhokisi aqoshiwe kanye nokukhukhumala okungajwayelekile.
Idizayini yekhishi esitashini se-Gothic izobe ilungele kakhulu indlu yezwe. Kunzima ukucabanga ngetafula elikhulu noma i-buffet, ama-candelabra noma ama-backlords asemuva kwe-cuisine amancane. Ukwakha noma yiziphi izimpawu zesitayela se-Gothic, ama-buffet aphezulu namakhabethe anezinto ezihlanganisiwe zivame ukusetshenziswa. Ifenisha, kanye nokwakhiwa kophahla phansi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisetshenzisiwe zilingana ngokuphelele egumbini elikhulu. Okunengqondo kuzoba ukufakwa kwetafula elikhulu lokudlela elinezihlalo eziba nokuba nezibani eziphakemeyo futhi kwakha uhlelo olukhethekile lokukhanyisa.
Ngesikhathi sokulungiswa, kuzosiza ukufaka esikhundleni seWindows. Ungahlela phezulu, ukhombe uhlaka. Noma vele ufake ama-Windows anemibala anemibala emafasiteleni.
Umhlobiso we-Gothic Bathroom awusho ukucwiliswa ngombala omnyama nobumnyama. Lokhu kusho ukunethezeka nobunzima. Amakamelo obukhulu amancane adinga ukukhethwa ngokuphelele kwento ngayinye yangaphakathi. Imvamisa esebenzisa ifenisha eyingqayizivele, mhlawumbe ngemihlobiso yegolide, kanye namapayipi angajwayelekile.
Ekamelweni elikhulu kakhulu, okugeza okumnyama kwensimbi emilenzeni ngesimo sama-paws webhubesi kuzolunga, ngekhanda eliphakeme le-semicircular. Abahlanganisi kufanele bahlele ngokweqiniso ukuze bangaphuli ukuvumelana nefenisha hlangana. Izindonga zihlukaniswe kangcono ngemibala empunga, ingaba ngamaphaneli okhuni noma udaka lokuhlobisa. Uphahla kumele ahambisane nezindonga, futhi wenziwa ngemibala efanayo. Ungazama i-Mirror Tile. Phansi kuzosebenzisa kahle i-tile.
Ukudalwa kwengaphakathi kwekamelo lokulala esitashini se-Gothic kungenzeka uma usebenzisa ezinye izingxenye zefenisha kuphela, ngisho nasezindlini ezincane ezinamakamelo okugcina. Ukuthola isithombe osifunayo, kuyadingeka ukuba ube nombhede omkhulu onomhlane ophakeme. Umbhede kufanele wenziwe ngezinhlobo zamapulangwe amnyama. Amatafula abeside enziwe entweni efanayo.
Ngokukhanyisa, kufanele usebenzise ama-chandeliers ngokumiswa kwe-crystal. Ukuvuleka komnyango kungahlotshiswa ngaphansi kwetshe.
Amafasitela, okungcono weluleka onxande, avalwa ngokusobala yi-velvet noma amakhethini we-brocade ahlotshiswe ngama-tassels no-fringe. Izihlalo nezihlalo ezenziwe ngokhuni lwemvelo olunemuva eliphezulu. Amakhabethe nawo enziwe ngokhuni massif.
Ekamelweni lokulala lezingane, isitayela se-Gothic singazibonakalisa ngokungezelela kokulula okuvikelayo ezindwangu ezikhanyayo embhedeni, kanye nokukhanyisa okukhethekile okuguquguqukayo ophahleni olusezingeni eliphansi olusomisiwe.
Ekamelweni elisemusha, kudingeka inani elikhulu lamakhabethe okuhlala izingubo, izincwadi, izincwadi zokufunda kanye nezinto zesikole. Kulokhu, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Classic Colour. Kwanele kuzoba yimibala ebomvu nemnyama, kepha kuyadingeka ukuyisebenzisa ngokuqapha. Ngokulungile - upende izindonga ngombala omhlophe noma ukhilimu, ubhede umuthi omnyama nge-canopy. Kumafasitela alengise amakhethini amnyama, ungakwazi ngama-tassels no-fringe. Yenza amakhethini asomisiwe acwebezelayo anamalambu ekhomba.
Izibonelo zezinye izindlela zokwakha:
- Izembozo ezibomvu nemicamelo nama-tassels;
- amawindi engilazi anamabala;
- Okomfana - isifuba esinqunyiwe 'nomcebo' kanye 'namagugu'.
Gothic ezingutsheni nasekumakeni
Ama-gots wanamuhla abameleli be-subculture, eyavela kuma-70s ekhulu leminyaka elidlule futhi yaba ukuqhubeka kwesitayela se-gothic seNkathi Ephakathi. Kakade ngalezo zinsuku, imfashini yavela ekunciphisweni kwempilo, ukungeneliseki ngokwenzekayo. Njengombhikisho, abantu abasha babegqoka izingubo ezimnyama, ama-corsets, ama-frill, amaveli, izigqoko ezibunjiwe ezingezinhle nezilongo, zenza imiphetho engafanele yemikhono, yakhuphuka ama-frills amaningi. Inkathi elandelayo yeRenaissance ivuselele imfashini, futhi ngekhulu le-XX yaphinde yasebenza futhi iyathandwa.
Isitayela se-Gothic ezingutsheni sidonsela imibono yabantu abaseduze, abatholwa ama-goths. Bafuna ukunaka okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngokomoya. Izingubo ezimnyama kakhulu (ama-raincoats amade, iziketi, amabhulukwe wesikhumba, ama-vests nama jakethi). Yize kungahle kube nsomi elimnyama, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza.
Ngaphezu kwezingubo, izinsimbi zesiliva noma zesiliva ziyasetshenziswa, ama-goth gold athathwa njengokuhlangana nangokwesigaba kulo, njengasematsheni ayigugu.
Okuncamelayo kunikezwa kuphela amadayimane. I-White Metal namadayimane banxuse ngokunenzuzo i-Pallor yobuso, ukuhlupheka ngokomoya kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu okufanele bakubone.
Amaketanga amakhulu, namasongo, izindandatho, ama-collars ane-spikes abolekwe ePankov, okufanele akhombise ukulungela ukuhlupheka. Amadoda amadokodo agqoke ngokuqinile, adala kancane. Ihembe elimnyama elinemikhono emide, kwesinye isikhathi ngokufakwa kwentambo, ibhulukwe lakudala. Amabhendi noma amabala kolunye umbala asetshenziswa ezingutsheni ukuze abonakale umehluko.
Ngasikhathi sinye ngezingubo, ama-goths asebenzisa ukwakheka kwawo okukhethekile. Amathoni amnyama bekufanele ngabe akulungele ukubuyela e-Gloomy Middle Ages noma enze i-vampiry ibukeka.
Futhi amantombazane nabafana bapenda izindebe ze-lipstick ebomvu, baphakamisa imicibisholo emehlweni abo, bapende amashiya amnyama epensela, bakhipha izithunzi ezimnyama, bamhlophe, balingisa i-pallor.
Gqoka ukubhoboza ekhaleni, izindebe noma amashiya. Umemezele i-manicure nge-varnish emnyama namantombazane nabafana. Lokhu ukwakheka kwenziwa kusihlwa, emicimbini ehlukahlukene, kepha nsuku zonke kuyathandeka ukuthi usebenzele umsebenzi, akusafanele ukuhlukumeza ukubekezela komqashi.
Isitayela sobuciko
Ukuqondisa kwaGothic ekupekeni kwavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XII.
Ngokwanda kwethonya lesonto lamaKatolika enkundleni yezepolitiki yaseYurophu, i-Natural's Naturalism ivela kubuciko obungokomfanekiso, obekungekho ngaphambili emibhalweni yabaculi.
Izingwevu ezintsha zadlula izinhlungu eziphilayo zoMsindisi nosizi lwentokazi yethu. Isibonelo esimangazayo kakhulu sokupenda kwe-gothic kwakuwumlingiswa - izincwadi ezihlotshiswe ngokucebile ze-litergical. Izithombe zezinto zesiko nezindlu zivela ezithombeni.
Izitatimende zemfundiso yemfundiso yezenkolo u-Aquinas ukuthi umsebenzi wobuciko kufanele uveze okungokoqobo, futhi wenza umnikelo wawo ekwakhiweni kwesitayela se-gothic kwezobuciko. Abantu ababoniswe bathenge ubuntu babo, futhi izilwane ezizungezile zezilwane nezilwane zenza ukuthi zikwazi ukuxhumana ngokushesha nesithombe.
Izimpawu eziphambili ze-Gothic ezithombeni:
- Inkolo yesakhiwo;
- ukuhanjiswa kwangempela nge-metatheks;
- ukugqama kombala;
- Umphumela omningi ku-canvas.
Amakhosi esikole saseFlemish aqala ukubanjwa ubuciko beqiniso kanye nokubhala ama-canvases amakhulu.
