Amadayimane anikezwe ubuningi obuhlukile besakhiwo esivumela itshe ukumelana nemithwalo esindayo kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Le mpahla isetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwesikhala kanye nentuthuko, ekukhiqizweni kwamadivayisi wezokwelapha kanye namahora anembile, imboni yenuzi. Ngemuva kokusika, amaminerali amahle aphenduka idayimane, elibhekwa kakhulu ubucwebe. Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bukwenza ukwazi ukudala ngezimo zokufakelwa, kunciphisa intengo ngaphandle kokulahleka kwekhwalithi.
Ubuhlakani
Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo ngezinga lezimboni, amadayimane okufakelwa aqala ukukhishwa kusukela ngo-1993. Ikhwalithi yabo yayiphakeme kakhulu kangangokuba ubucwebe badinga izivivinyo ezikhethekile ukunquma ubuqiniso bamatshe. Ngomthengi ojwayelekile, umehluko wawungabonakali nhlobo, izinkampani eziningi kangaka zaqala ukusebenzisa amakristalu ukudala ubucwebe obunokusho.
Kwezindawo zokusebenzela zanamuhla, izinhlobo eziningi zaleli tshe lokwenziwa zitshalwe: ama-cerussites, ama-rhinestones, ama-rhinestones, ama-ferroelectrics, ama-mobsanites. Okuhle kakhulu futhi okuhlanzekile kuyinto cubic of zirconium dioxide, ebizwa ngokuthi "fenit". Isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zezimboni, igcwalisa amaqoqo ezindlu zemfashini uThomas Sabo kanye nePandora.
Izici eziphambili zamadayimane akhule ngobuciko:
- izindleko eziphansi ngokuqhathaniswa namatshe emvelo (intengo ingaphansi kwezikhathi eziyi-10-16);
- ukukhululeka kokusikwa;
- Ukuntuleka kwezinkinga ezifihliwe ezithinta ubunzima (ama-bubble omoya, imifantu);
- Ukulingiswa okugcwele kwedayimane lamanje ngemuva kokusika.
Phakathi kwabathandi bamatshe amahle, imibono mayelana nezakhiwo ze-The Natural Roma kwahlukaniswa. Abanye babo bakholelwa ukuthi idayimane langempela kuphela elikwazi ukushayela imimoya emibi, livikele umnikazi walo emonakalweni namehlo amabi, limsiza ezindabeni zokuhweba.
Abanini bamadayimane okufakelwa bathi imihlobiso yabo ngeke bakhiphe amandla amahle futhi balethe inhlanhla.
Amatshe adalwe ngokwezandla eminyakeni yamuva nje athuthukisa izinhlobo ezaziwayo zemikhiqizo yedayimane kwathola izitolo zedayimane, izitolo ze-Helzberg s kanye nokuphila. Leli bhizinisi e-United States libhekwa njengelinenzuzo kakhulu futhi lithembisa, njengoba ukulimala kwezemvelo kuncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivivinyo eziningi zezwe zifakazela ukuthi isikhathi sokwakheka kwedayimane sesiphelile. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwamadiphozithi amasha kuzobuyela emuva esikhathini esedlule.
Umlando wokuthatha
Amadayimane angempela athandwa kakhulu amakhulu eminyaka. Amadayimane abizayo ahlotshiswe izingubo zasebukhosini kanye nemiqhele, wafa futhi wangena esitokisini segolide soMgcinimafa wamazwe amaningi. Ngisho nanamuhla, amaminerali wokusika angukutshala imali okungcono kakhulu okukhuphuka ngentengo njalo ngonyaka.
Ngakho-ke, intuthuko yokuqala nemizamo yokudala itshe lokwenziwa laqala ekugcineni kwekhulu le-XIX.
Idayimane lokuqala lokufakelwa latholakala ngo-1950 ngososayensi baseSweden elabhorethri lase-Asea. Ngemuva kocwaningo, isipiliyoni sabo siphindaphindeka-Elect GentER General Gentral ngo-1956, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe. Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka, kwavela izindlela ezintsha nentuthuko, okuvunyelwe ukushintsha umthunzi, ukwakheka nobukhulu bamaminerali okwenziwa. Ngo-1967, ilungelo lobunikazi lokutshala amatshe obucwebecwebe latholakala.
Umlando wokutholwa kwawo eSoviet Union uqala ngetshe lokuqala, elalihlanganiswa eSikhungo sePhysics kanye nengcindezi ephezulu ekugcineni kwama-50s ekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Kepha usosayensi O. I. Leipunsky, okhiphe amaphepha amaningi esayensi kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ngo-1946 kuqhuba umsebenzi osebenzayo kule ndlela.
Umsebenzi wakhe emkhakheni wamakhemikhali wawusetshenziswa njengesisekelo sezindlela ezintsha, cishe waba yisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwezimboni zanamuhla zamadayimane okufakelwa.
Lokhu kuphumelela kwenzeka ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-60 yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lapho ososayensi abasebasha belebhu yeMoscow yengcindezi ephezulu bakha umshini okhethekile. Ngayo, kungenzeka ukuthi kwasungulwa ukukhishwa okukhulu kwamatshe amakhulu aphezulu: ivolumu ifinyelele e-carat eyinkulungwane ngosuku. Wonke amadayimane obuchwepheshe akhiqizwayo asetshenziselwa izidingo ze-rocket khanyisa kanye nobunjiniyela bemishini, baya ekuthengeni, baletha inzuzo yebhilio.
Eminyakeni yamuva, ubuchwepheshe obusha buthuthukiswe ubucwebe obuzimele nama-laboratoratoricies esayensi eRussia.
Baheha ochwepheshe bangaphandle abavela eNingizimu Afrika, e-USA naseYurophu, bezama ukunciphisa indlela.
Kwenziwa kanjani amadayimane okwenziwa?
Amadayimane okufakelwa akhule ezindaweni ezihola phambili kwezinkampani zamakhemikhali, kunzima ukuhlukanisa etsheni langempela ngokukhanya okusobala nokukhanya okukhanyayo. Kepha zonke izindlela ezaziwayo zidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinkulu ezinkulu, zisebenza kanzima.
Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi oyinhloko wososayensi ukuthola ibhalansi ephelele phakathi kwekhwalithi nezindleko zokukhiqiza.
Indlela ye-NRT.
I-NRT noma ingcindezi ephezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme ubuchwepheshe obuvame kakhulu. Isisekelo se-phyanitis sokwenziwa, ososayensi babeka amatshe angempela anenani le-0.5 mm. EChamber ekhethekile, ngokuya ngomgomo womsebenzi ofana ne-autoclave, inhlanganisela yokushisa yakhiwa okungenani i-1400 ° C kanye nengcindezi yengcindezi engama-55,000. Esisekelweni semvelo, amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, ama-graphite wezendlalelo.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 zomthelela onjalo, kuphakama ukuxhumana okuqinile kwe-SIGMA, amakhompiyutha azungeze isisekelo akhiwa ngetshe eliqinile nelisobala.
Ubuchwepheshe obunjalo ngangokunokwenzeka izimo zemvelo zokuvela kwamaminerali, ngakho-ke ikhwalithi ihlala ikuphakama, amaphutha awafakwa.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-CVD noma ukuhlanganiswa kwefilimu
Lobu buchwepheshe bungenye yokuqala ekutshalweni kwamaminerali okufakelwa. Kusetshenziswa kabanzi uma kubalulekile ukudala ukunamathela okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi okunamandla kwedayimane, kwakha amadayimane asezingeni eliphakeme. Zonke izingxenye kanye ne-diamond substrate zibekwe kumakhamera akhethekile adala i-vacuum. Ngemuva kokugcwaliswa, iMetane iqala umthelela wemisebe ye-microwave, yaziwa kahle ngokusebenza kwe-microwave oven. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ukuxhumana kwamakhemikhali wekhabhoni kuqala ukubiyela nokuxhuma nesisekelo.
Ubuchwepheshe be-CVD bunikeza amadayimane aphezulu aphezulu angewona aphansi ngezakhiwo ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokwesisekelo sabo, ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisela amabhodi angenakuvimbela amakhompyutha, ama-dielectrics nama-scalpels e-ultrathine ku-ophthalmology ayakhiwa.
Ososayensi banethemba lokuthi maduze nje nge-carat ecishe ibe yi-carat yamatshe okwenziwa atholakala kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe, kuzokwazi ukunciphisa intengo efinyelela kuma-5-8 amadola.
Inqubo yokuqhuma kokuqhuma
Enye yentuthuko yakamuva iyindlela yokuqhuma okuqhumayo. Kususelwa kwinhlanganisela yokushisa okubukhali kwengxube yamakhemikhali usebenzisa ukuqhuma kanye nokuqanjwa okulandelayo kwamaminerali atholakele. Ngenxa yalokhu, idayimane lokwenziwa elinezici zemvelo ezikhiqizwa kusuka ku-crystalline carbon ziyatholakala. Kepha izindleko eziphakeme zibangela amakhemikhali ukuthi afune ukuhlukahluka okusha kokuhlanganiswa kwetshe.
Scope of isicelo
Phakathi kwawo wonke amadayimane, amatshe okwenziwa ahlala ama-10% kuphela emakethe. Amakristalu ama-Phyanite angabizi asetshenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe besifazane. Izindlu zemfashini ezidumile zihlobisa izingubo zakusihlwa, izikhwama zezikhwama nezicathulo, zisebenzisa umhlobiso okhethekile.
Intsha ethuthukayo ibakhetha ngokukhethekile ukuze iphephe kanye nobungane bezemvelo.
Bangaphezu kuka-90% amadayimane okufakelwa embonini. Imikhombandlela Eyinhloko:
- Imishini yokugaya enembile ephezulu, amathuluzi wokusika izinto eziqinile;
- Ama-Microelectonics nokwenziwa kwamakhompyutha;
- Umkhakha Wezokuvikela;
- Amarobhothi;
- Ama-lasers ahlukile wokusebenza kwamehlo;
- Onjiniyela bamakhemikhali;
- Imishini emisha eseMetAllurgy;
- I-Rocket Labur.
Phakathi kwezimpumelelo zakamuva ukusetshenziswa kwedayimane lokwenziwa yokwenziwa kwelensi yokufakelwa. Ukusebenza okufakayo kukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlanzeka nokukhanya kokusikwa kwenza ukufakwa kulungele isiguli.
Ihlukaniswe ekhoneni elifanele lokudishaka nokuqina.
Qhathanisa namatshe emvelo
Imboni ikhiqiza idayimane lokwenziwa, elifana nekristalu yemvelo yokuthi izivivinyo eziningi zelebhu ziyadingeka ukuze zikhombe. Cabanga ngomehluko ovame kakhulu.
- Wonke amadayimane akhulile anesitembu esikhethekile. Kubika igama lenkampani noma ilabhorethri, elikhiqize umkhiqizo.
- Ukuze uhlolwe, kungcono ukungasebenzisi ingilazi ekhulisayo, kepha microscope enamandla. Kwemisebenzi yokucobelelana ngolwazi, iziphambeko zitholwa kusetshenziswa i-spectrograph, zikhanye ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet.
- Amadayimane angempela awaphenduli enkampanini ye-electromagnetic. Njengendlela yokuqinisekisa, le mpahla ingasetjenziswa: Itshe lokwenziwa likhangwa yizibuthe eziqinile.
- Uma udinga ukukhomba idayimane ekhaya, lifakwa ephepheni elimhlophe. Ngokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela, indawo yokukhula iba ukubonakala, okuvela lapho kwakha isendlalelo se-carbon ephezulu.
- Amatshe emvelo adalwe kusuka kumakristalu amancane amancane kakhulu, ngakho-ke anesakhiwo esihle. Imikhiqizo engagcwalisekanga enokucatshangelwa okuningiliziwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, njengokungathi kwakhiwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zamakristalu amancane kakhulu ama-microscopic.
AmaDayimane ExchangeAses emhlabeni wonke asetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya amadivaysi akhethekile e-Diamond Check kanye ne-M-Screen.
Ngemizuzwana nje eyi-10-15, bayavumela ukuhlukanisa izinyeli zetshe elivela etsheni lemvelo ngokunemba kwama-95-98%, nikeza imininingwane ephezulu ngekhwalithi nekhethelo lekristalu.
Ukulima amadayimane okufakelwa ngumkhakha othembisayo. Ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwamarobhothi ne-nanotechnology kudinga amatshe amaningi okukhiqiza ama-lasers, ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele. Ngemuva kokucubungula, idayimane lokwenziwa le-1 carat lilinganiselwa ku- $ 800-900 liqhathaniswa nekristalu yemvelo yama- $ 4,000. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kwenzeke izindleko zezinqubo eziningi, ukusebenza ku-ophthalmology kanye ne-microsersergery, kuvula amathuba amasha wesayensi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamadayimane okwenziwa kuchazwa kuvidiyo elandelayo.