Isitembu ku igolide - iyingxenye ebalulekile umkhiqizo, okubonisa ukuthi umhlobiso samanje. Njalo umthengi kufanele wazi ukuthi kubukeka kanjani manje inhlamba, lapho kufanele akhiwe futhi indlela yokwahlukanisa umhlobiso wangempela manga.
Yini?
Stamp ku igolide - isimo uphawu ekhethekile, okuyinto isebenza njengesiqinisekiso ukuhlolwa ku umkhiqizo. Leyo naleyo ngxenye ubucwebe ezenziwe ensimbini eyigugu kumele ngempela udlule ukuhlolwa kanye wokugubha. Nale uphawu umthengi Ungaqonda, kusukela kunoma iyiphi ingxubevange akhethiwe umhlobiso wadala, ubani-ke kwenziwa, futhi nini.
Wokushaya yinqubo saziso cishe kuzo zonke isimo. On the indawo eRussia lesi senzo wemfanelo State yokuncwaninga izinsimbi kanye namakhemikhali Office ngaphansi kokuqondisa Federal yokuncwaninga izinsimbi kanye namakhemikhali Office. ukuphrinta Isicelo senziwa ngokusho iphethini iyunifomu, samukelwa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Amabhrend okungukuthi kuvunyelwe kuphela emva umkhiqizo aphase nokubuyisana kwecala.
Ngamanye amazwi, uphawu isimo It ukhonza njengelungu yisiboniso ithengiswe izinga ingxubevange . Umthengi, bebona inhlamba uzoqiniseka ukuthi umhlobiso sekuqinisekisiwe ngochwepheshe futhi lihlangabezana ezibekiweko ishicilelwe. Esikhathini umkhakha imigexo kunemithetho eziningana ukuthi wenza isicelo yokubeka uphawu. Ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezamukelwayo, brand akufanele bonakalise umhlobiso, ngakho-ke ibekwe ezindaweni ngqo.
- On ingxenye engabonakali umkhiqizo. Amasongo - ke esemuva uhlangothi, ku ukuyona, carbines neminye imihlobiso. I elengayo phezu abanikazi is yokubeka uphawu.
- Izingxenye eziningi umkhiqizo uzobe hallmarked ngokwehlukile.
- Uma kuba ingaphakathi, phezu imikhiqizo enenani kwezobuciko kufanele khona ipuleti ezengeziwe eyenziwe ingxubevange efanayo. Wafaka phansi inhlamba.
umlando
Yokuncwaninga izinsimbi kanye namakhemikhali Office uvele Russia ekhulwini XVII. Ubucwebe uphawu hallmarked e Moscow, ochungechungeni Silver. Ngaleso sikhathi kwaba kwendawo lapho ungase ngokomthetho bahlanganyele ukuqaliswa izinsimbi eziyigugu. Kuze kube manje, i-brand akuyona kuphela ubucwebe, kodwa futhi nezinye izesekeli eyenziwe ensimbini eyigugu. Ihhovisi Assay bakhiqiza ubuchwepheshe lobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuhlaziywa ukulawula Alloys, namatshe ayigugu.
Ngokokuqala ngqá isitembu phezu imigexo sabhalwa ngonyaka 1651-1652. It wayechazwa ukhozi nge amakhanda amabili, eduze okuyinto usuku ukwakhiwa. Ekuqaleni, bokuthi alikho izinga ingxubevange izimpawu, kodwa lezi mikhondo zafakwa kuphela imigexo ukuphula ngenhla imizuzu 83. Ngokufanayo, uphawu ngokuvamile uphawu zemali amazwe, abese gu umhlobiso.
uhlelo amasampula Spool e Tsarist Russia kwenzeke kuze kube ngomzuzu Awuzange ufake lwanamuhla. uhlelo ezinjalo lwakhiwe iphawundi Russian, okuyinto kuhlaziywe 0.4 kg kanye 96 wawunezinhlamvu spools. Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngegolide elihlanzekile, 96 ukuwohloka Ababhali.
Ngakho, isampula 48 iqukethe kuphela kwesigamu ensimbini eyigugu.
Yiziphi khona?
Inhlamba yamazwe ahlukene zingahluka kusuka nomunye ngoba isimo ngasinye kudala thumbnail lalo. Ngokwesibonelo, e Belarus ukubonisa metal kweqiniso eziyigugu sisetshenziswa zinyathi. Igolide Russian, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo nezindawo zomphakathi.
- "Tee". Lokhu isitembu ukukhuthazelela ngo-1896, kwabonakala sengathi ngeke kwenzeke njengoba tee, okuyinto aphambana nge izinombolo isampula, ngonyaka zokukhiqiza, izingalo kanye uhlamvu lokuqala egameni ukuhlolwa umuntu. Kuze kube 1897 uphawu kwadingeka simise convex. Kamuva yaqala ukwenza ecindezelekile.
- Ngo-1899, isibonakaliso entsha, okuyinto ifana intombazane e umnqwazo kwiphrofayli kwesobunxele.
- iminyaka Kusukela ngo-1908 kuya 1927 eRussia aseqalile brand imigexo usebenzisa ukuphrinta intombazane egqoke umnqwazo, kodwa iphrofayli kwesokudla . Ehamba isibonakaliso incwadi ngesiGreki. It iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi idolobha.
- Ngo-1927, iSoviet Union ukubeka phansi amabombo labaseminyakeni ngesando.
- Ngo-1958, igolide lamaSoviet laqala ukubeka brand, okuthiwa uphawu izinga e-USSR. Kwakubukeka njengolimi inkanyezi ezinhlanu enamaphoyinti nge isikela futhi isando ngaphakathi. Lesi sibonakaliso ibekwe kuphela amagugu okuhloba.
Kakade ubucwebe zanamuhla ezenziwe izinsimbi eziyigugu angakuhlomisa ikhanda sowesimame iphrofayela umnqwazo . Ekhoneni engezansi kwesokudla, incwadi-cipher isimo ukuhlolwa Assay kwabaqaphi. Imboni imigexo isebenzisa izinhlelo eziningana probirovaniya. Esebenzisa izilinganiso ezifana bakwazi ukuzwisisa lokho lokuhlushwa igolide eziqukethwe kweyunithi ingxubevange.
Carat
uhlelo onjalo zisebenzisa izingcweti emazweni angu-European ne-United States. Isampula efakwa carats futhi libonisa indlela ukwabelana eziningi okumsulwa ensimbini eyigugu kakhulu, izingxenye 24 ingxubevange.imethrikhi
Kakhulu okufana ezivamile. Okwangempela emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, kanye Russia. Isetshenziselwa e-Austria, eBrithani, Denmark, Hungary, Latvia, Sweden nakwamanye amazwe.
spool
Lalisetshenziswa Russian Empire, okwathi ngemva kwalokho amangalelwe eSoviet Union. Ngalesi sikhathi Ayisebenzi. Ukususa ukubethela simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: kubonisa kanjani amayunithi eziningi zegolide unezitho 96 ingxubevange.
Lotoma
uhlelo Enje Isetshenziswa Ephakathi iWestern Abantu European: zathi amaCelt, amaJalimane futhi Scandinavians. Ngalezo zinsuku, iningi izinsimbi eziyigugu abangu kukalwa izitembu, eyayihlanganisa 16 eziningi. Isampula ubonisa indlela eziningi eziningi amatshe ayigugu eziqukethwe omunye brand.
On the imikhiqizo, ngaphezu inhlamba kumele kube kubonakala igolide isampula.
- 375 Sample - Lona ingxubevange nengabizi. Iqukethe% 37.5 kuphela ensimbini eyigugu, kuyilapho bonke abanye abasebenzi - isiliva ngethusi. Umbala umhlobiso kuzoncika kanjani lemali metal kuwo owandile.
- 385 Sample Livame ukusetshenziswa ukwakha ubucwebe eRussia. Igolide lokuhlushwa 58,5%. Okunye isiliva inani 33,5% nethusi. Ingxubevange okuhlala isikhathi eside, futhi ngokubomvu ophuzi.
- ezimhlophe Manje ethandwa Igolide 585 test lapho palladium ne-nickel likhona.
- 750 imihlobiso - Lona kakhulu isigaba ezibizayo futhi eliphezulu. Kusukela ingxubevange enjalo ungenza imikhiqizo zokuhloba ukunemba, ngenxa eguquguqukayo ukucubungula. Ubuningi egolide onjalo ingxubevange 75%.
- 999 Sample - Kuyinto ngegolide elihlanzekile. Imikhiqizo kuyodingeka kabuhlungu. Esihluke e umbala kanye fragility. izinto ezinjalo eluhlaza asetshenziswa womshini ingots.
Ezinye izinkampani, ezifana Faberge, isetshenziswa imikhiqizo yabo izitembu Siqu . Abantu bakholelwa izinto eziningana lokubhala. Izinto kungaba ne izinhlamvu "K" noma "KF", kwezinye imikhiqizo kuyinto "Faberge" noma "Ukuze Faberge".
Ukuze European abathengi noma amagatsha London wanyathela Faberge.
Izindlela kwesicelo
Uhlobo isicelo kungahluka ngesisekelo izici ezifana umkhiqizo:
- yinkimbinkimbi komsebenzi;
- Izici indawo amatshe (uma ekhona);
- ukubukeka;
- ukuklama.
Kukhona izindlela ezilandelayo.
mechanical
Kubhekwe indlela anolaka ukuthi kusekelwe ukulungisa inhlamba nge ingcindezi ebonakalayo . Kuyodinga ukusetshenziswa okuphambene, lapho umkhiqizo iqinile, kanye jackhammers. Indlela ubhekwa ubudala, base yakhetha emuva lé ekhulwini XVII.
Isithunzi kwesicelo mechanical kuwuphawu ezinhle njengoba umonakalo: ngeke lisuswe ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile futhi akusho abalona umonakalo ukuhlobisa. Nale ndlela, isitembu sisetshenziswa ku-80% imikhiqizo.
Okwamanje, zesibonakaliso Ulungise ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngenxa okuyinto imihuzuko kanye deformations zikhishiwe.
Electrospar
Vumela ukubeka inhlamba ngaphezulu kungabonakali. Ngenxa ukuthi umdwebo nombhalo sisetshenziswa ngobunono evutha. Kungaba ngisho sisetshenziswe ku umhlobiso ethambile noma kancane kakhulu. osetshenziswayo Kusukela ngo-1967.
Laser
Emsebenzini kuhileleke Laser ukufaka. Ukubhala amancane futhi empeleni kungabalulekanga. Ukucwaswa kuhlukaniswa ukuqina nokukhuthazela. Kodwa-ke, kufanele uqaphele ukukhiqizwa okuphansi kwale ndlela. I-laser ngeke ikwazi ukusampula imikhiqizo engaphezu kuka-600. Phakathi kwezinzuzo ukuguquguquka kwale ndlela: isitembu sisetshenziswa kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi lomhlobiso.
Ukucaciswa kwegama
Igama kufanele lihambisane ne-stigma futhi liqukethe imininingwane elandelayo:
- Ikhodi yomuntu ngamunye yomenzi;
- unyaka wokukhiqiza ngezinhlamvu zencwadi;
- I-cipher yesihloli sombuso wenkonzo yetafula, equkethe okuqala komenzi.
Igama legama litholakala ngohlaka olungunxande, olungekho kude nesitembu. Ukwazi ukuthi lesifinyezo siqukethe ngokwaso, unganquma kalula idatha yomkhiqizo.
Ungahlukanisa kanjani inkohliso?
Ngaphambili, inhlamba yafakwa uhlangothi, ngakho kwaba nzima ukuthenga mbumbulu. Noma ibuphi ubucwebe obungayibona ngokushesha lo mkhiqizo phambi kwakhe noma cha. Namhlanje Amacala aqediwe ezitembu ezingezona Ngakho-ke wonke umthengi kufanele azi ukuthi ungahlukanisa kanjani okwangempela kusuka kumbukwane.
Ukuze utadishe isitembu kumkhiqizo, kulandela Sebenzisa ingilazi ekhulisayo, enengezo elikhulu. Kunconywa ngaphambili-ukunqanda ukuhlambulula kahle ukususa ukungcola kusuka ku-HPADIN. Izitembu eziyimbumbulu zifana neze zangaphandle kuphela, ngokuhlola okubonakalayo okuyisisekelo. Kepha uma ubheka imininingwane, ungabona ngokushesha ukungahambisani.
- Isampula kumele icace futhi ibushelelezi. Uma izinombolo ezingalingani zikhona, lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ezandleni zakhe kuyinkohliso. Kepha ukungahambi kahle akuhlali kukhuluma ngokungabi nokungabi nalo kwesampula, ngoba ezinye izibonakaliso zisetshenziswa ngesandla. Yize into enjalo ithathwa njengehlukile.
- Uhlobo lwangaphandle lwe-stigma. Kwegolide kufanele kube ukucwaswa, okuhlangabezana namazinga ashiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, esithi Russian maphakathi ingxenye kufanele kube intombazane e Kokoshnik, ohlangothini lwesokudla zisebenza izinombolo nge ukuwohloka, futhi ngakwesokunxele - incwadi yomhloli ukuthi ukulawula baba.
- Emikhiqizweni engenisiwe Isampula kuvezwa karats, eduze bomdabu inhlamba izitembu uphawu ekamelweni.
Ungakuhlukanisa kanjani inkohliso kusuka kwimikhiqizo yasegolide yokuqala - amathiphu ambalwa awusizo kuvidiyo engezansi.