Cishe wonke umuntu uyazi mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu amatshe ayigugu. Lawa esiliva, igolide ne-platinum. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akubona bonke abantu mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu iqembu-platinum ezaziwayo. nabameleli bayo futhi ubheke inani zasebukhosini.
Ubuhlakani
Platinum izinsimbi - Lena iqembu izakhi 6 ukuthi zitholakala eduze nomunye ishadi lesikhathi zamakhemikhali. Ngamunye izakhi zazo leli qembu libizwa ngokufanelekile kubhekwe zasebukhosini. Lokhu kungenxa Izakhiwo ezilandelayo zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba.
- Ochwepheshe uqaphele emakamu ongaphakeme platinum izinsimbi. Inombolo imali incane. Lesi sici futhi sihlobana izakhi zamakhemikhali ukuthi ngokwesiko kubhekwe futhi ayabiza.
- Abamele iqembu ngenhla ifa izakhiwo insimbi ezilandelayo: Rhodium, Osmia, Palladium, Ruthenium.
- Ngo inqubo ukutadisha platinoids, ukufana isakhiwo yama-athomu weqiwe oluxube, kukhonjisiwe ngenhla.
Ososayensi abasebenza emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali wabelane zonke izinsimbi-platinum, kwaba ngamaqembu amabili okuthiwa abangoziqu-zintathu.
Ukuhlukana Kwenziwa isisindo.
- iqembu №1 . Lezi yizona ezimelela elula. Lezi zihlanganisa palladium, ruthenium futhi steel.
- Inombolo Group 2. Labo abasele abanga-6 insimbi kukhona Iridium, osmium ne-platinum, yena. Lezi kakade izinsimbi ezisindayo.
Izinsimbi kanye nezici zabo
Izinsimbi babe iqembu oshiwo ngenhla. Loluhlu.
- Ruthenium - RU.
- Rhodium - RH.
- Palladium - PD.
- Osmis - OS.
- Iridium - IR.
- Platinum - Pt.
Qaphela: Wonke abizwa zitholakala ngendlela ethile, ngokuvumelana atomic weight.
Kusukela inani elincane ukuba ngaphezulu. Zonke izinsimbi-platinum anezici efanayo.
- Ukufana sokuqala ngokubukeka. Cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye, ngaphandle osmium, abe umthunzi ukukhanya (inhlanganisela imibala white nesiliva). Osmia has a okuncane ithoni bluish.
- Izinsimbi zisho amelana reagents amaningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, platinoids kukhona yelikhono ngempumelelo.
- Nge ukulawula usizo ahlukahlukene izinqubo zabo zamakhemikhali, ukulawula ijubane namachibi, futhi ilandele abanye ukusabela. Ukuziphatha okunjalo ngezinto kubhekwa emangalisayo futhi nakuba.
Izakhiwo
Namachibi is ayakhekanga phezu. Ngakho, inertia is ngokusobala wawubonisa. Ngokusho kwezazi, lo kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile ngaleso-platinum. Lapho eseyinsizwa efundela ezomthetho abamele iqembu i-platinum, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba dlula lokuncibilika. Inani aphansi e palladium kuyinto 1554 degrees. Inani eliphakeme ngesikhathi Osmia. lokushisa Its has ayizinkulungwane 3 27 degrees Celsius.
Izici ezilandelayo - infusibility. Lesi sici sibonisa ukumelana okuhle kokugqoka. Naphezu kokufana kwangaphandle, izimfanelo zomzimba ziyehluka. Ngokuya ngalezi zinkomba, kusetshenziswa amasu akhethekile ngesikhathi sokulungiswa. I-Ruthenium ne-Osmia ziyizinsimbi ezintekenteke kakhulu futhi zidinga ubudlelwano obucophelela ngokukhethekile.
I-Plasticity ephezulu yinkomba ye-palladium neplatinamu.
Zimbiwe kuphi?
I-Platinam Metal Deposits ivame ukusakazwa endaweni yaseCanada naseNingizimu Afrika. Kulezi zifunda, ukukhiqizwa kwamaminerali kwenzeka ngendlela ejwayelekile yezimayini. Njengombukiso wokuzijwayeza, iningi lamaplanethi akhiwe ngamamaki akhipha izinto ezivela kumaminerali noma ama-nickel sulfide minerals noma ama-ores ethusi. Umsebenzi usebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-flotation. Enqubweni yokusebenza kwensimbi, kutholakala i-Grantraterate, ngenxa yalokho, kutholakala ingxube ekhethekile. Ivolumu yezinsimbi zeplatinamu zisuka ku-15 kuye ku-20% zensali eyomile.
Kwezinye izimo, inqubo yezimayini nokucutshungulwa ingahluka. Kwesinye isikhathi izitshalo zisebenzisa ukwahlukana kokudonsela phansi. Kulokhu, inani lezinto zamakhemikhali ezidingekayo zikhuphuka zibe ngu-50%. Lokhu kuhlukile kokucutshungulwa akubandakanyi ukunyibilika. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amadiphozithi acebile e-MPG ayaqabukela, amanye amadiphozithi nawo atholakala eCanada, China, Australia naseFinland.
Kuneminye imithombo, nokho, isabelo sokukhiqizwa kwawo sine-0.3% kuphela yesisindo esiphelele esikhiqizwe kwiplanethi.
Kusetshenziswa kuphi?
Amaplatina athola ukusetshenziswa kwawo emikhawulweni ehlukahlukene. Izakhiwo ze-Universal zezinsimbi zaleli qembu zisetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla. I-Platinum Emsulwa I-Alto uqobo ithambile kakhulu futhi i-puffy. Esimweni esinjalo, kutholakala kakhulu futhi kungokonakaliswa okuhlukahlukene neziphambeko. Ukwandisa ubulukhuni futhi ugqoke ukumelana kwensimbi eyigugu, kusetshenziswa izinto ezahlukahlukene. IPlatinamu ihlanganiswe nezinye izinto zamakhemikhali.
Ubucwebe bePlatinamu bubaluleke kakhulu futhi buyigugu kakhulu kunegolide. Bathole ukuthandwa okuthile eJapan. Izakhamizi zezwe lelanga elikhuphukayo libiza imikhiqizo enjalo "Hackkin". Ubucwebe obukhulu bobucwebe y platin futhi ngu-90% wesisindo esiphelele. I-10% esele i-palladium. Kulula ukusebenza nakho, kufaka phakathi ukuthengisa nokunye ukucubungula.
Na- Ukwandisa ubulukhuni, insimbi eyigugu emhlophe ixhumeke kwi-ruthenium. Ukungeza le nto kwandisa ukumelana nenqubo ye-oxidation. Ama-MPG athola ukusetshenziswa kwawo ekwenziweni kwemikhiqizo eyenziwe. Kulokhu, i-alloy ehlanganisa ithusi, iplatinamu ne-palladium iyasetshenziswa. Inketho enjalo ibiza kakhulu ngentengo, iqhathaniswa nokwakhiwa kwezinto ezimbili: iplatinamu ne-palladium.
Ama-alloys akhethekile enziwe ngokusebenzisa i-platinoods asetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenziweni kwama-thermocouples. Le yithuluzi elikhethekile elinohlobo olubanzi lwezicelo. Injongo yayo eyinhloko iqukethe ukuguqula amazinga okushisa aphezulu (inani eliphakeme lifinyelela kuma-degree angama-1800 uCelsius ngaphezulu kwe-zero). Abanye abameleli bafakwa ngendlela ehlanzekile. Njengomthetho, basebenza njengezengezo kuzo zonke izinsimbi ezivela eqenjini lePlatinamu. IPalladium yathola ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekukhiqizweni kwemishini kagesi, kanye nasezinhlotsheni zamazinyo zanamuhla.
Ama-Catalysts
Bangaphezu kuka-40% weplatinamu ephelele etholakele, ekhiqizwa phesheya, isetshenziswa njenge-catalyst. Le mpahla emangalisayo futhi ewusizo yabhalwa engxenyeni yokuqala yendatshana. Cishe yonke insimbi (cishe i-90%) ithole ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekukhiqizweni kwezinhlelo zokuphelelwa kwezimoto. Izinto eziyigugu, kanye ne-rhodium ne-palladium, zisebenza njengokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezivikelayo zezakhiwo zeselula nezinye izinto. Isendlalelo sensimbi sivikela izinqubo ze-opidation, ukugcina imishini njengobuqotho futhi ingalimalanga. Lapho ungena ekuphendukeni kwamakhemikhali, izingxenye ezinolaka ziguqulwa zaba amakhompiyutha aphephile nezinto.
Izakhi zamakhemikhali zingenza umsebenzi we-catalyst ephumelelayo hhayi nje njengenhlanganisela, kepha futhi nangendlela yegridi yensimbi eshisayo. Kulokhu, kunokusabela phakathi komoya kanye nento enobuthi - i-ammonia. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-nitric acid ne-nitrogen oxide iyatholakala. Izakhi ezahlukahlukene zengeza izakhi ezahlukahlukene ukuthola ezinye izinto.
Enye indawo engenzi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-MPG - Imayini kawoyela. Lokhu imboni yomhlaba wonke, ekhombisa ukubaluleka kwamaplatinaid kanye nokubaluleka kwawo embonini.
Ezinye izinketho zokusebenzisa izinsimbi.
- Ensimini yaseRussia evela ePalladium akhiqizwa Izinhlamvu zemali. Lokhu kwaqalwa ngemuva kwe-USSR, kwakhishwa uhlamvu lwe-Palladium oluhlanzekile. Okumagama - ama-ruble angama-25.
- Imishini ephezulu ye-voltage nayo ayikwenzi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-mpg. Ekwenziweni kwama-elekthronikhi alolu hlobo, oxhumana nabo abavimbela abanokugqoka futhi abathembekile bayadingeka, okuzobe belwa nomthelela ongemuhle. Ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, okwamanje akukho okunye okukhona kumaplatinaid.
- Enqubweni yokukhiqiza amathuluzi namadivayisi wokusebenza ezimeni ezinzima Izinsimbi zisetshenziswa futhi. Ukuze usebenze endaweni enolaka, imishini kufanele ibe getatane, igqoke-izwele futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Yilezi zici ukuthi zithola kusuka kuma-platinum tila.
- Kwa- Khulisa kakhulu ukuqina kokuqina kwe-titanium kuya ekugculweni, I-palladium encane ingezwe kuyo. Futhi, le nto yeqembu leplatinamu ivame ukuhlanganiswa nensimbi.
- EMedecine Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo nakho kusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo. Lo mkhuba usetshenziswe ngaphambili futhi ugcina ukuhambisana nanamuhla.
- Ungakhohlwa nge-Platinum Foil. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kusetshenziselwa Vikela idivaysi yamakhekhe amakhemikhali.
- I-alloy yesiliva ne-palladium isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ku-elekthronikhi yamanje.
Mayelana nokuthi le nsimbi eyigugu isasetshenziswa kanjani, bheka ividiyo elandelayo.