I-Rhodium iyinsimbi eyigugu engavamile futhi yaziwa kahle kubathandi bobucwebecwebe. Ukufafaza kwe-rhodium kuvimbela ukubukeka kokuklabha namaswidi emikhiqizweni eyigugu, okufaka isandla ekulondolozeni ukubukeka kokuqala kwesikhathi eside.
Yini?
I-Rhodium yinto yamakhemikhali i-N45 evela etafuleni lesikhathi se-mendeleev, elihlobene nezinsimbi ezinhle zeqembu leplatinamu. Into yavulwa yiBritish William Hydov Vollaston ngo-1803 lapho isebenza ngesisombululo seplatinamu. Kuyo, usomakhemikhali wathola into ekhanyayo epinki ye-powder, ebizwa ngokuthi igama likaRodiya, elihunyushelwe esiGrekini lisho "rose".
I-Rhodium ingenye yezinsimbi ezingavamile futhi ezibizayo, Yini ngenxa yobunzima bokukhishwa kwayo kusuka kuPlatinamu ngezinga lezimboni. Ngokwemvelo, ikhona kumaminerali, kufaka phakathi amaplatina ambalwa ngasikhathi sinye. Ochwepheshe baphawula ukuthi ukuthola i-1 kg yalensimbi kudinga amathani amaningana ePlatinamu yomdabu. UVollarston uqokonyiswe i-rhodium kanjena: Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kweSodium hydrogen usawoti, isikhathi eside se-powder ebomvu ebomvu ngaphezulu kwe-hydrogen flome, ngenxa yokuthi amaconsi ambalwa wensimbi acwengekileyo athole amaconsi ambalwa kuphela.
Kamuva ngemizamo kaSolwazi Lebedinsky yavulwa indlela entsha yokwabiwa kwe-rhodium - Umthelela kwikhambi likasawoti weplatina ngosawoti. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukupholisa kwikhambi kudalule i-precipitate, kuthunyelwe ngamakhompiyutha e-rhodium ne-Iridia. Le ndlela ibigcwele embonini yamakhemikhali futhi isasetshenziswa. Kuze kube manje, ngosizo lwendlela yeLebedinsky, i-oda lamathani angama-30 wensimbi emsulwa likhishwa minyaka yonke.
Inqubo ehloswe ngayo ukuhlukanisa iplatinamu futhi ukuthola i-rhodium emsulwa kakhulu ibizwa ngokuthi i-ation.
Ngokuqondene nokuvela kwe-rhodium, izithunzi ezibomvu ezipinki zibonisa kuphela amakhompiyutha alo, ngenkathi insimbi uqobo ibukeka njengesiliva, yize ingaphansi kwe-lightness ukukhanya. Ngakho-ke, Inani lokukhanya eliboniswe yile nsimbi lingama-80%, ngenkathi isiliva lingama-95% esiliva . Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ekwenziweni kwezibuko zobuchwepheshe, esikhundleni sesiliva, kuvame ukusetshenziswa yi-rhodium. Lokhu kungenxa yokuboniswa kwePlatinaid nekhono layo elisebenza ngobuningi obuphakeme bemisebe ye-electromagnetic, kufaka phakathi uhla lwe-infrared. Ngamanye amagama, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-rhodium kungasebenza iminyaka eminingi, kuyilapho ukufafaza isiliva ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo akutholi usuku lokugcina.
Isimo sensimbi singaphelelanga ngaphandle kokusho inani laso. Intengo ye-shodium emsulwa ihlukene njalo futhi incike kwivolumu yokukhiqiza yonyaka. Ngakho-ke, ngo-Agasti 2016, i-Troyan kanye noRhodium (31,1034768 g) abiza cishe amadola angama-700, kodwa eminyakeni elandelayo intengo yanda kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kuka-2020, inani le-rhodium ingot elinesisindo esisodwa kwakungu- $ 9,000. Izindleko eziphakeme kungenxa yokuthi insimbi ayinayo amaminerali ayo futhi iqukethe kwiplatinamu yomdabu, i-nickel ne-ore yethusi, kanye nasezinhlangeni zegolide njengomngane.
Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe okukhulu kakhulu kwe-rhodium kuyaphawulwa ezinhlotsheni ze-Osmiste Iridia - Rhodium Nevyanskit, okubandakanya cishe ngo-11.3% wezinsimbi ezihlanzekile ezihlanzekile.
Ukwakheka nezakhiwo
I-Rhodium iyinsimbi yesiliva eqinile yesiliva, ephakeme kune-platinamu yakhe "progenitor" platinamu yakhe yokuqina kwamakhemikhali ezindaweni eziningi zokugqwala. Ifomula ye-elekthronikhi ye-athomu yayo ibukeka kanjena: RH - 1s 2 2S 2 2p 6 4s 2 3D 10 4s 6 4D 8 5S 1. I-Metal ichithwe kahle kwinqubo yokubilisa eRoyal Vodka (HCL ne-HNO3 ingxube), ku-H2SO4 Gxila (lapho kufudunyezwa) naseHydrogen Peroxide. Iphuzu lokuncibilikisa ngu-1964 ° C, BOLING - 3697 ° C, ubuningi bensimbi ngo-20 ° C bungu-12.41 g / cm3. I-Rhodium ingeqembu le-Rare Earth Metals, esimweni esiqinile inombala wesiliva nge-tint ebandayo.
I-Rhodium iyazinza ngamakhemikhali, ngomphumela wokuthi ama-nonmetals asabela kabi kakhulu - kuphela ukufeza izinga lokushisa le-cagine ebomvu. I-Scoeng Metal Oxidation kungenzeka kuphela esimweni esichotshoziwe kuphela ku-1000 ° C.
Ngenxa yeplastiki ephezulu, ebonakala lapho ifudunyezwa kuma-850-900 degrees, ukuguqulwa kwensimbi kube yintambo encanyana kwenzeka, lapho ngemuva kwalokho kuvela khona i-foil emincane.
Ikhwalithi ebalulekile yensimbi ibhekwa njengekhono layo lokushintsha umthunzi walo, okubaluleke kakhulu ebucwebecwebe. Ngakho-ke, lapho kukhalisa ekushiseni kwamazinga angama-800 ° C, i-rhodium ihlanganiswe nefilimu le-oxide inyamalala ngokwandisa izinga lokushisa libe ngu-1000 ° C. I-Black Rhodium ibaluleke kakhulu, ebaluleke kakhulu ekwenziweni kobucwebecwebe bokuhlelwa okuhle kakhulu. Enye impahla yensimbi yikhono layo lokwenza njenge-catalyst yokusabela kwamakhemikhali amaningi. Ngakho-ke, ngosizo lwe-rhodium ebunjiwe, utshwala obujwayelekile bewayini bungaguqulwa ibe yi-acetic acid.
Idiphozithi kanye nezimayini
Ivolumu yokukhiqiza yonyaka yonyaka ye-rhodium ingamathani angama-30. Amanani amancane anjalo kungenxa yokuqukethwe okuphansi kwento ekujuleni komhlaba kanye nokungabikho kwamaminerali abo. Amadiphozithi amakhulu wensimbi atholakala eRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika, enikezela ngo-75-80% we-rhodium emakethe ephelele. Amadiphozithi amancane acebile atholakala eCanada, eColombia naseRussia - emazweni anezilinganiso ezimaphakathi ze-platinamu yomdabu ezindaweni ezijulile zasemhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kobudlelwano, indlela yokubuka yensimbi ebhekwa njengokukhishwa kwe-isotope yayo ezinzile evela ePlutonium, i-uranium ne-thorium, esetshenziswa kabanzi emandleni enuzi. Ukuthola i-rhodium ngale ndlela kungaxazulula inkinga yezidingo eziphakeme futhi ezinganele zensimbi ezikhiqizwa emasimini. Ukunaka imboni yenuzi ethuthukisiwe nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-rhodium ngophethiloli wenuzi (kufika ku-400 g / t), inkinga yokuntuleka kwamandla e-rhodium ingaxazululwa, futhi imboni yamandla enuzi ingaba ngumhlinzeki ophambili wale nsimbi emhlabeni Izimakethe.
Kusetshenziswa kuphi?
Ububanzi be-rhodium bubanzi impela. I-Metal ifuneka ezindaweni eziningi zomkhakha wamakhemikhali kanye nokusebenza, okusetshenziswa njenge-catalyst, izinto zokwakha ezihlekisayo nobucwebecwebe.Inkomba
Kulesi sikhundla, i-wetal isetshenziswa ekuphendukeni kwamakhemikhali, okuvame kakhulu okuthola i-acetic acid kusuka ku-methyl alcohol. Kuyasetshenziswa futhi lapho kwakha izihlungi-hlambathiza zenzelwe ukusebenza nge-Special Automotive Automos. Futhi ama-alloys ane-rhodium-platinum abhekwa njengezikhokhi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwe-Hno3 ngendlela ye-ammonia oxidation ngomoya futhi kulezi zinhlobo zokukhiqiza azikatholakali.
Kuze kube manje, kufika kuma-81% ama-catalysts akhona anesisekelo se-rhodium.
Izinto zokwakha
I-Rhodium ibaluleke kakhulu ekwenziweni kwengilazi yamadivayisi we-liquid crystal, ukuze kukhiqizwe lapho kuthatha khona iplatinamu alloy yayo. Kulokhu, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi kukhula ngokuqinile ngokulingana nokukhula kokukhiqizwa kwamagajethi anamuhla. I-Rhodes isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekwenziweni kwezibuko zobuchwepheshe, ama-spotlights nezinye izindawo ezibonakalayo ezizosetshenziswa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu nasekufakweni kwe-laser.
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungasaphathwa ama-platinum-rhodium ama-crucibles asetshenziselwa ukukhulisa amatshe ayigugu namakristalu nge-electro-optical Properties ezimeni zelebhu. . Ngokuhambisana ne-Iridium noma i-Platinam Metal, kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwe-thermocoumpules okudingekayo ukuze izilinganiso zamazinga okushisa aqhubekayo (angaphezu kuka-2200 ° C). Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uqaphele indima yensimbi kwinqubo yokukhiqiza amashubhu welebhu kanye nama-flasks asetshenziselwa izivivinyo zamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yokuthi i-rhodium ayihlangani nanoma yiziphi izinto, ezitsheni ezinjalo ungathengela noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezingoma.
Amagugu
I-Rhodium isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenziweni kobucwebecwebe, yenza imisebenzi emibili ngasikhathi sinye - ukuvikela nokuhlobisa. Ngokwesibonelo, Isiliva elimbozwe ngengqikimba eqondile ye-rhodium ithola ukukhanya okujulile, akumnyama futhi akwenzi uxidize emoyeni, Kanye negolide labazali ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu kwensimbi (amayunithi ayi-6. UP. I-MOOS) iba nzima futhi igqoke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka insimbi yokuthola igolide elimhlophe, elidume kakhulu phakathi kwabalandeli ubucwebe, futhi ama-oxide alo ahilelekile ekwakhiweni kwegolide elimnyama - ukuqondiswa kwe-avant-garde ekudonselweni kwemfashini.
Ukubanda, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ukukhanya okujulile nokuthakazelayo kuhlanganiswe kahle nama-phyanites, zirconia, amadayimane nokufakwa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi ivame ukusetshenziswa njenge-ligature ekwenziweni kweplatinamu nemihlobiso yePalladium. Imikhiqizo embozwe nge-rhodium fafaza ayidingi ukuhlanza njalo bese igcina ukukhanya kwangempela isikhathi eside.
Ngaphezu komsebenzi wokuhlobisa, okuhlobene nokunciphisa kakhulu i-allergenenicity yegolide elimhlophe, okuthi, ngokuxhumana njalo nesikhumba, kubangela ukuluma nokuluma. Ungqimba lwalesi sinsimbi kuvimbela imiphumela emihle yokugqoka imihlobiso, okubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abahlushwa yizifo zesikhumba. Kodwa-ke, kanye nenani elikhulu lezinzuzo, kusekhona ukuguqulwa kokuguqulwa. Kusekhona ukufafaza kwe-rhodium kudinga ukubuyekeza ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi ubukhona balo uqobo lwandisa kakhulu intengo yobucwebecwebe.
Ngaphezu kwezindawo zohlelo lokusebenza, i-rhodium isetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwezinhlamvu zemali. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2009, okokuqala kwemali ye-Rhodium zemali yakhishwa kwiminti yase-US, engasetshenziswanga njengemali yokukhokha, futhi yasebenza njengento yokutshalwa kwemali. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwesikhashana (ngonyaka ka-2014), i-National Bank yaseRwanda yakhululwa ukuzalwa kokuqala kohlamvu lwemali ngenani elibhekene nama-franc angama-10 e-Rwandan, owaqala ukusetshenziselwa i-ejenti yokukhokha.
Enye indawo yokusetshenziswa kwale nsimbi enhle yimboni yenuzi. Ama-rodium detoctors asetshenziswa ngempumelelo njengamamitha we-neutron flow ema-reactors enuzi.
Yiziphi izingxenye zomsakazo eziqukethe?
Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, kwakuwumbono wokuthi iningi lemithombo yomsakazo yenziwa ngeRhodium emsulwa. Kodwa-ke, kwakukude nokungalungile, futhi insimbi yasetshenziswa kuphela ukumboza oxhumana nabo bezixhumi. Okwenziwa izingxenye ngokwawo, bekungafanele, njengoba kwakubuthaka kakhulu futhi kuphulwe ngokweqile. Kepha njengesembozo, bekubaluleke kakhulu, okubangelwa ukumelana kwayo okuhle kokugqwala kanye nokuboniswa okuphezulu okuhlanganisiwe kwemisebe ye-electromagnetic. I-Rhodium Coating inoxhumana nabo (i-recy edluliselwe) Uhlobo lokubuyiselwa emuva-55 (a) ochungechungeni lwe-PC 4569601, Rs 4569602, Rs 4569603, rs 4569605.
Uhlobo luni lwegolide oluzotshela ividiyo elandelayo.