Ngaphandle kwento yokuba inkulungwane yama-20 iye yaba yinkulungwane yobudala yokwenziwa kombutho wamabhinqa, efumene inani elikhulu lezopolitiko, kusekho iingcali ezithintelweyo kwabasetyhini namhlanje. Izithintelo kwindawo yobungcali zihlala zinxulunyaniswa neemeko ezinzima zokusebenza.
Kutheni kukho izithintelo?
Kuzo zonke iinkcubeko zehlabathi, kukho ukwahlula-hlulwa kwezesondo, okuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomfazi owenza eluntwini Umsebenzi wokuzala wokuzala kokuzala, kwiimeko ezinzima xa usenza imisebenzi ethile. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, xa abasetyhini kumazwe ahlukeneyo baye bafumana ii-equations zamalungelo abo ezopolitiko namadoda, zazikho ukuthintelwa kokusebenza neemeko ezinzima zokusebenza.
Ukuvalwa kwavela kwi-Epoch yokuphuculwa kwezamazama-mveliso eYurophu, xa ukuveliswa kwezamashishini ngenkuku kuye kwaphucuka. Amashishini amaninzi athabatha umsebenzi wamadoda, njengoko ayengangomeleleyo ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa nakwangaphezulu kwezemfundo kwimfundo kwaye kukho izakhono zobugcisa obukhethekileyo. Uninzi lwabafazi ngokwesiko lubandakanyeke kusapho aluzange lube nezakhono ezifanelekileyo zomsebenzi kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba wenze umsebenzi ophantsi ohlawulelweyo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, intshukumo yomphefumlo e-Europe yavuma intlawulo yabasetyhini kunye nokudala iimeko ezikhuselekileyo zabasetyhini.
Kwinqanaba lokukhuliswa kwezommishishiyini yokuphela kwemveliso, ukuqala kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwabakho umsebenzi onzima wokusebenza:
- kwimigodi;
- kwi-metallicgy
- kumzi mveliso kunye nemveliso;
- kwiivenkile ezithengisayo;
- kwicandelo lekhemikhali.
Isidingo soMzi-mveliso wongxowankulu kwiingalo zomsebenzi zexabiso eliphantsi zenze ukuba abanini bamashishini baya kutsala amandla e-ft thaip kumsebenzi ongafanelekanga. Kwangelo xesha, umsebenzi wobubhinqiweyo wahlawulwa ngaphantsi kwendoda, xa usenza imisebenzi efanayo. I-European kunye ne-US Shutyume yaqala ukulwa ngenkuthalo i-equation yomvuzo kunye nokubonelela ngamalungelo ezopolitiko Oko kungavuma ukuba kungekuphela nje ekuvoteleni ngexesha lonyulo, kodwa nokufundisa nokufumana ubungcali bamadoda abo bahlawula ngaphezulu.
Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-20, amabhinqa ahamba emadodeni ilungelo lokusebenza nabo ngendlela elinganayo, kodwa ngaphandle kwempumelelo yabafazi kumzabalazo wenkulungwane yabo, kwaye kwiminyaka yama-21 imisebenzi ehleli kuyo Sebenzela inani lezizathu zenjongo ezinxulumene neempawu ze-fiotology yomzimba kunye ne-anatomy. Elinye lamazwe okuqala apho abafazi balinganiswe namadoda anamadoda xa bethatha umsebenzi, waba ngu-USSR. Ngo-1918, amanqaku akhethekileyo kwikhowudi yezabasebenzi aziswa eSoviet Russia, echaze amagcisa angavumeli umsebenzi wamabhinqa ngenxa yempilo yeemeko.
Kwangelo xesha, yonke imigaqo-siseko yaseSoviet yayimithetho apho ilungelo laMadoda nabafazi lavunywa khona. Ubugcisa. Umgaqo-siseko we-19 weRussian Federation ubonakalisa ukuba amadoda nabafazi namhlanje banamalungelo alinganayo kunye namathuba okumiselwa kwabo xa kwamkelwa ukuba basebenze, kwaye kwikhowudi yabasebenzi yeRussian Federation kukho amanqaku malunga nokukhuselwa kwabasebenzi, kubandakanya ibhinqa. Zidweliswe yimisebenzi yobungqina engavumelekanga ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wabasetyhini.
Iqela lemithetho kunye nokukhuselwa kwabasebenzi eRussia khokelwa yinyani yokuba umfazi ekwazi ukusebenza kumashishini amaninzi, akhathalele, ukugcina impilo yabasetyhini kunye nokugcina ithuba lokuba ngumama kwixesha elizayo.
Ngubani ongasebenzi eRussia?
E-USSR, uluhlu olukhethekileyo lobugcisa apho abafazi abanakusebenza kukhuseleko lwabasebenzi ngo-1932. Ngo-1972, wabeka amaxwebhu asisiseko ikhowudi yabasebenzi kwi-USSR. Ngo-1978, uluhlu lwandiswa ukuya kwiingcali ezingama-431, zamkelwa ngokusemthethweni njengabafazi. Olu luhlu kwaye emva kokuwa kwe-USSR ihleli engaguqukanga. Uluhlu lokungabikho kobuqu lwesetyhini kwi-Russian Federation yongezwa kwi-USSR, eNtsha, kangangokuba wanda kwi-456 yezikhundla ngo-2000.
Kurhulumente waseSoviet, amanyathelo okuvalwa komsebenzi wabasetyhini kumashishini achazwe sisigqibo seBhunga le-USSR kunye nebhanki esembindini, edweliswe amanyathelo ajolise ekusebenzeni kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zabasetyhini kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Kuluhlu lomsebenzi, onakaliswe njengeyingozi kubafazi ngo-2000, bahlulwe baba ngamaqela angama-38, abaquka iingcali ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zomsebenzi, kuloliwe, kwimveliso yendlela, kwinani le-Chemical kunye nenani le ezinye iindawo zoqoqosho lweSizwe.
Kutshanje, iSebe lezeMibutho yeRussian Federation lihlaziye uluhlu lwangoku, lisusa kuyo inani lezinto ezinobuchule, ezingabalulekanga namhlanje, kwaye zisusa umsebenzi wokuvalwa kwabasetyhini kwinani lezinto ezikhethekileyo:
- umqhubi wezothutho kaloliwe;
- umqhubi wetraka;
- IPUARINE YONXALENYE OKANGAPHAKATHI OKANYE NJANI, NJANI.
Abameli beCandelo lomsebenzi wezandla zaseRussia bobonisa ukuba ukususwa kwezithintelo ezivela kwezinye zeengcaciso ziye zabakho ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yezobuchwephesha, i-automation kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwamashishini etekhnoloji. Ngoku abasetyhini baya kuba nakho ukusebenza kwezolawulo ngenxa yokuba iimeko zokusebenza ziphucule kakhulu, ngenxa yoko bahla kwezengozi kwimpilo yababhinqileyo.
Uluhlu olutsha luya kuqala ukusebenza ukusuka nge-1 kaJanuwari, 2021. Kuyo, ubuqhetseba bobungozi bahluleke ngokwamacandelo. Ngokubanzi, umfazi waseRussia kwaye namhlanje akavumelekanga ukuba asebenze kwimijikelezo ethile yemveliso kumashishini anemizi-mveliso:
- imichiza;
- imigodi;
- I-metrilljelical;
- isinyibilikisa;
- Xa kuqhuba amaqula;
- kwimveliso yeoyile negesi;
- kwi-metirgy ye-metricger emnyama nengakhathaliyo;
- ekuvelisweni kwee-elektroniki kunye nobunjineli berediyo;
- kumzi-mveliso weenqwelo moya;
- ngokwakha inqanawa;
- kwimveliso yephepha leselfowuni;
- kwishishini lesamente kunye nokuveliswa kwenkqubela phambili;
- kwishishini lokuprinta.
Iqela ngalinye linike uluhlu lwezinto ezikhethekileyo ababhinqileyo abangenakusebenza ngenxa yeemeko ezinzima zokusebenza. Umsebenzi wabanjwa kuluhlu, olungasasebenzi ngenxa yokuphuculwa kwemijikelezo yemveliso kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
Ubungqina obungenakufikeleleka kumazwe ahlukeneyo
Iminyaka engama-70 yobukho be-USSR yenze ukuba uninzi lwamazwe asemzini laphononongwa ngokhuseleko kunye neemeko zokusebenza apho ababhinqileyo abakwazi ukusebenza khona. Ngokweenkcukacha-manani zanamhlanje, ngaphandle kwezenzo ezisebenzayo zobufazi kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, kumazwe ali-104 kukho ukuvalwa komsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi wohlobo oluthile lwabasetyhini. Kwangelo xesha, izithintelo ezintsha azinyamalali kuphuhliso lwenkqubela phambili yezobugcisa, kodwa yongeza kuphela.Ngo-2016, iingcali zeBhanki yeHlabathi zingenise ulwazi oloko kukho amazwe angaphezu kwe-150, kwimithetho yakhe okungenani umthetho, enciphisa ilungelo lomntu obhinqileyo. Ukuvalwa kunye nezithintelo zinxulunyaniswa kungekuphela ngezithethe zenkolo nezenkcubeko, kodwa nemveliso eyingozi, apho abafazi abakwazi ukusebenza khona.
E China
Kwi-PRC njengokuvalwa komsebenzi onzima kubafazi akunjalo. Banqabile ukufundisisa inani lemizi-mveliso kunye nezinye iingcali:
- ubunjineli obumbindi;
- ukuhamba nokuhambahamba;
- Umsebenzi wokuqhuma kunye nabanye.
Enkosi kule, abafazi ekuqaleni abanakuba ngabangenisi kula macandelo oqoqosho, apho umsebenzi unxulunyaniswa nengozi eyandayo kunye neemeko ezinzima zomsebenzi.
Ukuvalwa komsebenzi kumsebenzi owenziwe ngumthetho kusebenza kwimigodi apho abafazi baseTshayina bengafumani msebenzi ngokungqinelana nomthetho osebenzayo.
EPakistan
Kweli lizwe, apho abaninzi ababhinqileyo basabandakanyeka kumsebenzi ohlawulelwayo ohlawulelwayo, izithintelo kumsebenzi wabasetyhini nazo ziyachaphazeleka kwimpilo yabasetyhini. Ke, imithetho kaPakistan ithintele amanyala amabhinqa ukuhlamba umgangatho kunye nezixhobo kumasifundisane ngexesha lokusebenza, xa kusetyenziswa oomatshini kunye noomatshini. Ukucocwa kunokwenziwa kuphela ngokuhlwa okanye ebusuku xa izixhobo zimisiwe.EMadagascar
Kweli lizwe, elinxulumene nelinye lawona manyanye, kwaye kukho ukuthintelwa kwemisebenzi emininzi yabasetyhini. Ke, banqatshelwe ukuba basebenze kumashishini abandakanyeke kwimveliso yombane ebusuku. Kukwanqatshelwe kubafazi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kulomsebenzi onxulumene nokulungiselela, ukuhlela nokuthengiswa kweemveliso zokushicilela iimveliso ezahlukeneyo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba isibakala sokuba itywina leempapasho ezininzi kweli lizwe liqhutywa ziitekhnoloji ezindala, ezibonelela ngokusetyenziswa.
EArgentina
Kweli lizwe, i-Latin America inesithuba sokuvalwa kwabasetyhini kwimibutho enxulumene namanqanaba aphezulu okungxamiseka. Abakwazi ukusebenza kule ngxaki ilandelayo:- Oomatshini boololiwe;
- abacimi-mlilo;
- emsebenzini wokuqhuma;
- kwimveliso, apho kukho umsebenzi onezinto ezinokutsha kunye nezinyithi ezinokuthi zizongele;
- kwimveliso yotywala;
- kumzi mveliso weglasi;
- kwimijikelezo yemveliso apho izinto ezinetyhefu zikhona;
- ukulayisha;
- Ukuhamba kwezinto ezishushu.
Ngeendlela ezininzi, uluhlu olunjalo lolu hlobo lubonisa ulwakhiwo lwezoqoqosho lwezoqoqosho lwaseArgentina, apho kukho inani elikhulu lemizi-mveliso eyenzakalisayo kunye nokuphuculwa kwenziwe ixesha elide.
EFrance
Kweli lizwe laseYurophu, abafazi banqatshelwe ukuba basebenze kwii-lestties ezinxulumene nokuphakamisa iintsimbi. Imithetho ekhoyo yokukhusela abasebenzi ukuthintela abaqeshi ukuba basebenzise abasetyhini emsebenzini onxulumene nokuphakamisa iimpahla ezingaphezu kwama-25 kg kunye ne-45 kg kwii-picks. Ngesi sizathu, eFrance, abafazi abasebenzi ngabapoti, abathunywa okanye abaphetheyo. Kweli lizwe, nto leyo ethathwa njengelizwe lekhaya lokuhamba komphefumlo, umfazi kunzima ukufumana umsebenzi ngendlela eyiyo. Ke, xa uthatha umsebenzi, umgcini wegadi, umqhubi okanye i-asoslemer, umfazi uyala i-22% rhoqo ngakumbi kunendoda.
Ngokubanzi, inokubonwa ukuba ukuthintelwa komsebenzi, ngaphezulu kwako konke, kunye nomzimba wemizimba. Abasetyhini kwindalo abanakukwazi ukwenza inani lomsebenzi onzima wokusebenza ngokunxulumene nokuphakamisa iintsimbi. Iivans zikwaxhalabisa iimeko zokusebenza ezichaphazela kakubi ikamva kwinkqubo yokuzala yento yento yabasetyhini kwaye inokukhokelela ekunganyamezelweni.
Ukurhoxiswa kwezithintelo zenani lemisebenzi yabasetyhini, eyenzeka eRussia, icacisiwe kukuphuculwa kweemeko zomsebenzi, ubuncinci bempilo yempilo yabasetyhini.
