Abantu abanomdla banamathuba amaninzi ngobomi obuphumelelayo. Umbuzo uphakathi: "Ngoba?" Kuba indoda engashukumiyo inamatsiba kakhulu. Rhoqo awaziqaphela iingceli ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ziyimfuneko, ngawo ngamanye amaxesha ubomi bethu. Akukho nto iyothusayo. Lowo ubhengeza ekujikelezwe, uhlala esazi ngakumbi kwaye uyayazi indlela. Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba umntu onjalo akadibani kwimeko enzima kwaye unokuphuma kuwo.
Kutheni uyifuna?
Igama elithi "ukunikela ingqalelo" livela kwigama elithi "ukunikela ingqalelo". Uhlobo lokugqibela lwegama njengoko iyonke kuthetha umbono okhethiweyo okhethekileyo kwinto ethile kulo naluphi na ulwazi. Ukumamela kukucothisa umsebenzi wakho kwaye uqale ulwazi ngokuthe ngcembe. Eli gama lichasene namagama ane-shay okanye i-perticanding. Ukuba umntu uhlolisisa ngononophelo ukuba loluphi uhlobo olunjani, uyacotha, kuba ukwazi kwakhe kugxilwe kule ngxaki.
Ukuze ube ngumntu oqokelelweyo onokubonakalisa ukugxila xa usebenza okanye unokuzibonakalisa kwimisebenzi yoqeqesho, kufuneka uphucule ingqalelo yakho.
Ukongeza, le nto iya kunceda:
- Sukuphazanyiswa ziithayile;
- Nika ingqalelo eyona ndlela ilungileyo ukuba kufuneka wenze ukhetho;
- Jonga ulwazi oluninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka;
- Sebenzisa ulwazi olufunwayo xa kufuneka iveliswe kwinkumbulo;
- Hlala uzolile ukuba imeko yoxinzelelo iza;
- yeka ukucaphuka ngenxa yento engeyomfuneko kwaye inamandla;
- Yivani, ubone into engayivayo, ayiyi kubona;
- Linda;
- Funda ukunikela ingqalelo kubantu ngeenxa zonke;
- ifunda ukunxibelelana ngendlela efanelekileyo nabantu;
- yiva ukubaluleka kwakho;
- Ukuba kunye noyolo.
Qaphela: umntu onononophelo, njengomthetho, uyazi ngaphezu kwabanye. Ungumntu ocinga ukuba, kuba umsebenzi wakhe wengqondo uhlala ehlalutya olu okanye olo lwazi. Ke ngoko, abantu bahlala benomdla kumntu onjalo kwaye bafumana. Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba lo mntu uziva ukuzimela kwaye kubalulekile.
Amanqanaba okhuseleko lwe-overative
Kwi-psychology kukholelwa ukuba zonke iinkqubo ezenzeka engqondweni yomntu zibaluleke kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu. Ingqalelo inamanqanaba ayo. Elona nqanaba lisezantsi liqwalaselwe ngokuzithandela (kwangoko), kwaye olona nqanaba uphakamileyo kukugxininisa kakhulu. I-Soviet Psychologists yeSoviet l. S. Vygotsky ikholelwa ukuba uphuhliso lwengxaki luhambelana ngqo nophuhliso lwemisebenzi yokuziphatha. Ingqwalaselo ikhula ngokwesikimu esinjalo: Ukusuka ngqo kuthi, phayaa ukuya kuthi ga ngoku, oko kukuthi, imisebenzi yotshintsho iqhubeka ukusuka ekunikezeleni ingqalelo ngokungenamagqangaphi.
Kwangelo xesha, ingqalelo ivela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokungalingani. Konke kuxhomekeke kumsebenzi okhethiweyo (izifundo, izakhono zobungcali, njl.njl). Ukusuka kwingxelo efanayo sinokugqiba: Ingqwalaselo inokuphuhliswa ngokwemvelo.
Umntu kufuneka afundise ingqalelo yakhe. Ukwenza oku, unokwazisa izinto ezinjalo kubomi bakhe eziya kumnceda aphucule kwaye aphuhlise inqanaba lakhe lokuqonda.
Kukho uphuhliso oluthe ngqo nolususiweyo lwengqwalaselo. Ezi zinto zimbini zineempawu eziqhelekileyo kwaye zahlukile. Kule mbuzo, yonke into ichazwa ngokulula. Ingqwalaselo yendalo iyaphuhliswa njengokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yomntu. Kukho ukuqokelelwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwamava, ulwazi kunye nezakhono. Olu hlobo lomsebenzi wengqondo yinkqubo ende kakhulu, ngoko ke ithathelwa ingqalelo kakhulu. Xa ingqalelo ikhula ngendlela eyiyo yemvelo (ikhawulezileyo), le nkqubo izinzile, kuba iyimfuneko ukudibanisa ulwazi olufunyenweyo. Imisebenzi yokuphuhlisa ekhawulezileyo yenziwa kusetyenziswa imithambo eyahlukeneyo.
Ngenkqubo yokuphuhliswa okhutshiweyo ngobukrelekrele, umntu ufuna ixesha elincinci. Nangona kunjalo, yonke imisebenzi kunye neeklasi ezizodwa kufuneka zixhaswe ngamava obomi. Xa ezi zinto zimbini ziqala ukusebenza kunye, ukumiliselwa kokuthathelwa ingqalelo kuya kuba ngumsebenzi ophumeleleyo. Kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ukuba inkqubo yokuphuhlisa ingqalelo, kubandakanya nomntwana omncinci, kuya kuba nzima ukuba senze ngaphandle kwezakhono zokuthetha, ngaphandle kokuxelisa indlela abanye abantu kwaye ngaphandle kobuchule obulungileyo bengqondo.
QAPHELA: Iingcali zaqalisa ukufunda inkqubo yophuhliso esele ihambelana. Ngaphambili, izazinzulu ezininzi zazinethemba lokuba abantwana akufuneki baphuhlise ingqalelo. Kwaye kuphela kwinkulungwane yama-20, inkqubela yokuqala yokuphuhliswa kokuthathelwa ingqalelo kwabantwana kunye nabantu abadala bafunyanwa. Igalelo elihle kuphuhliso lwenkqubo engentla yenziwa ngumgangatho wengqondo i-L. Vygotsky, thina, emva kokuphuhlisa ithiyori yenkqubo yengqondo, yaqalisa ukufunda le ngxaki ingentla.
Kucacile ukuba inkqubo yokuphuhlisa ingqwalaselo engacacanga kubantwana iqala kuphela xa umntwana eqala ukubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yokuqonda kunye nemfundo. Eyona nkqubo intle enjalo iyaphuhlisa xa umntwana esiya esikolweni kwaye eqhubeka kwiiklasi kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo.
Kusebudabeni lesikolo ukuba abantwana basenziwa kwaye bakwazi ukulawula imisebenzi yabo.
Kwiminyaka eli-10, inkqubo yoxinzelelo ibangela i-stemili engathathi cala, kwaye ifumana umlinganiswa ongcono. Kwaye kwiminyaka eyi-12 ukuya kweli-14 ubudala kubantwana iqala ixesha lotshintsho (ulwakhiwo ngokutsha lomzimba), olunciphisa iimpawu zokunikela ingqalelo. Ngenxa yexesha lotshintsho, umntwana uza ukukhabilika ngokukhawuleza ekuphunyezweni komsebenzi wokuqonda. Konke oku kungenxa yokuncitshiswa kolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi elivisayo, yonke into iyakhiwa. L. S. vygotsky igqibe ngexesha apho ilungiso oluthile lwelungiso loqwalaselo:
- Inqanaba loku-1 kukulawula ukwazi komntwana ngabantu abadala;
- Inqanaba lesi-2 kukusekwa komntwana njengesifundo, ngoku unokuzoba abantu ababa ngabantu abadala;
- Inqanaba lesi-3 lithetha ngeendlela zokulawula ulwazi kunye nokuziphatha okwamkelweyo ngabantu abadala;
- Inqanaba le-4 lithetha ulawulo lomntwana kunye nolwalo lwayo.
Xa umntu elawula zonke izixhobo zangaphakathi ezikuvumela ukuba ulawule ingqalelo, ukhule.
Njani ukwandisa ingqalelo?
Kuyaziwa ukuba loo mntu ziintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zokuthathelwa ingqalelo entyokhethwayo. Ukuba idipozithi yohlobo lokuqala inikiweyo ngokuzalwa, kufuneka sikhule kanzima. Qwalasela lo mbuzo ngokweenkcukacha.Ngokungabinakho
Ukunyusa kwayo kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngokuthe ngqo ekuqondeni ukuba umntu ufanele afunde kwaye asebenze. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka abandakanye uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi wakhe wengqondo. Umzekelo, Xa abantwana abancinci besikolo baba ngamalungu eqela, bahlala bezama ukufezekisa impumelelo kwaye bavele phambi kwamaqabane abo. Izenzo ezinjalo zijolise kuphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lokhathalelo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba uthathele ingqalelo ukuba ingqalelo engaqhelekanga iyazi. Kwangelo xesha, zonke iindlela zemfundo zibhekiswe kuphela kuphuhliso kunye nophuhliso lobukrelekrele.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umntwana aqonde le nkqubo kwaye aqonde ukuba imfundiso ingumsebenzi ofunekayo wokuphuhliswa kwawo nawuphi na umntu. Ke ngoko, kuya kufuneka anike ithuba lokuba umntwana aqonde usukelo lokugqibela lokufunda kwakhe ukuze angenise iziphumo zakhe ezizayo.
Ke, umntwana xa efunda ukuba nomdla othile, kwaye ukuze angapheliseki, kufuneka azi ukuba azincede izibonelelo zesiphumo sokugqibela. Umzekelo, umfundi kufuneka aqonde ukuba uqeqesho kwakhe oluphumeleleyo luya kuba negalelo kwiyunivesithi evumayo, emva koko anokufumana umsebenzi ohlawula kakhulu.
Khumbula: Ukukhupha ingqalelo engacacanga, abantu abadala (ootitshala nabazali kufuneka benze ngokucwangcisiweyo nangokungaguqukiyo. Imfundo esekwe ekutsaleni kuphela ekutsaleni ingqalelo ngokungafanelekanga ayizukunika isiphumo esifanelekileyo. Ayizukufumana nangempembelelo oyifunayo kunye nenkqubo yemfundo, eyenzelwe kuphela ukutsala umdla ongaguqukiyo. Kule meko, umntwana ufanelekile ukuba afunde.
Yiyo loo nto uqeqesho kunye neenkqubo zemfundo kufuneka zakhiwe kuphuhliso lwazo zombini ezi ntlobo zengqwalaselo.
Ngokuzithandela
Imfundo yengqwalaselo yokuzibandakanya isekwe kubuchule bokugxila kulwazi olwahlukeneyo, luthelekisa iinyani, njl njl. zenzeka. Ke inkqubo yokufunda iya kuba nomtsalane. Umntwana uya kubonisa iimvakalelo, kwaye ingqalelo yokuthathela ingqalelo iya kuqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza.
Ke ngoko, iinkqubo zoqeqesho kufuneka ziqaqambe kwaye zibonakale. Umzekelo, ukubonisa ubuhle bendalo, utitshala kufuneka atsalele kulo mfanekiso, odalwe ngamagcisa amkelwe ngokubanzi. Ukubonisa imifanekiso yendalo, ungasebenzisa amava ahlukeneyo omnandi kunye nomsebenzi owenziwayo.
Kwaye khumbula ukuba ukwiminyaka yobudala bokufunda okubonakalayo eneentsingiselo ezikhethekileyo nezibaluleke kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo loqeqesho lufuna ukuthotyelwa kweemeko ezininzi. Umzekelo, kufuneka uqale ufake umsebenzi othile kwaye uyisombulule, kwaye kuphela wenze uthelekiso kwaye ubone ezinye iindlela zokusombulula umsebenzi ofanayo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, abantwana baya kufunda ukuqaphela ukuba ulwazi olufuna ukhathalelo. Kukwindlela efanayo yokuba baya kuba nakho ukuchaza izinto ezibalulekileyo neziphambili eziqulathwe kwingxaki.
Umzekelo, izinto ezicetywayo ezicetywayo ukuze zifundwe kufuneka zikhanya kakhulu ngendlela yayo kwaye zityebile ngomxholo. Ngenxa yoko, uya kuba nakho ukubangela inzala kunye nemisebenzi yengqondo. Kuphela ke abafundi bacinga ngokusombulula ingxaki. Indima enkulu kuphuhliso lwengqondo idlala inqanaba eliqhelekileyo lenkcubeko, kuba yiyo igalelo kuphuhliso lokunikwa kwengqwalaselo engathathelwanga.
Ukuziqhelanisa okusebenzayo kunye neendlela zobuchule
Ukonyusa ubukrelekrele, kuya kufuneka wonyuse ngokufanelekileyo ukwazisa. Oku kufuna ukuziqhelanisa. Ukuqonda kuyekana nengxaki. Xa ezi zinto zitshintshiwe ngokufanelekileyo, izakhono zengqondo ziya kuphucuka. Ukuba unokujonga ulwazi, unokujonga ngokulula ingqalelo yakho kwinto ebalulekileyo kwaye uyimfuneko kuwe. Ukongeza, unokunyusa imemori yakho kwaye uphuhlise imikhwa eya kukuvumela ukuba wenzele ngaphandle kobunzima bemeko. Khumbula ukuba iindlela zokuqhelisela iindlela eziyakwandisa ulwazi zinokukunceda ekunikeleni ingqalelo.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezinegalelo ngokufanelekileyo ekuvelisweni kweendlela zombini. I-remorosus isivumela ukuba sinikele ingqalelo inzala kwaye ngaloo ndlela siphuhlise zonke iintlobo zomsebenzi wengqondo. Ukuze abantwana bangadinwa, kwaye umdla wabo wokufunda awuzange unyamalale, kuyafuneka ukulungiselela uhlaselo lomzimba ngexesha lesifundo. Ukutshaja okuncinci kuya kunika impembelelo enjalo iya kuthelekiswa nemisebenzi yokuqonda. Umthambo "bhabha" ufuna ibhodi enentsimi eqhutywa (i-3x3) kumgaqo wamashumi manatylets. Kufuneka uthenge iqhekeza leplastiki (liya kuba lisebenza njengeempukane). Utitshala uyayithoba imiyalelo: ngasekunene okanye ngasekhohlo, ezantsi okanye phezulu. Bonke abafundi babeka iliso kwintshukumo yento kwaye uzame ukuyithintela kwicandelo lokudlala. Ukuba "bhabha" ihamba ngaphaya kwentsimi, ibuyela embindini weBhodi, kwaye umdlalo uqala kwakhona.
Khawuqwalasele ezinye iindlela ezifanelekileyo. Indlela yokugxila ekuphefumleni kwabo ayincedanga kuphela, kodwa lungisa inqanaba loxinzelelo kwinto ethile. Ukwenza le ndlela, kufuneka uhlale kwisitulo kwaye ulandele ukuphefumla kwakho. Nje ukuba uqhele ukwenza le ntshukumo, ingqondo yakho iqala ukuphazamiseka kwizenzo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ngequbuliso ukhumbula ngesidlo sasemini okanye malunga nezitya ezinganyamezekiyo. Ukuba kukho into eyahlukileyo kwingcinga ephambili, kuya kufuneka ubuyele kwindawo yayo yoqobo kwaye uqhubeke ukugcina umkhondo womphefumlo wakho.
Ukunyusa amandla okhathalelo lweqela kuya kunceda lo msebenzi ulandelayo. Ukuzalisekisa, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bakwisangqa. Embindini uhlala ejonge. Umfundisi-ntsapho unika iqela: "Intsasa ekuqaleni!", Emva koko abadlali baqala ukubandakanyeka kunye nemilenze ngokuchaphazela kakhulu. Ngequbuliso ukukhohlisa kuvakaliswa: "Ukulinganisa yonke into!" (Kuyanqweneleka ukuba ilizwi lizolile). Lo mdlali ongakhange weva kwaye akazange aphumeze iqela, "ukubanjwa. Umntu olahlekileyo ujonga, kwaye ukhangelaka kwegama langaphambili liba kwisangqa esiqhelekileyo. Umdlalo unceda ekusebenzeleni ingqalelo kunye nokujonga.
Kufuneka kangakanani uqeqesho?
Phakamisa ingqalelo yakhe ukuba ufanele wonke umntu osazi. Abantwana kule nkqubo kufuneka bancede abantu abadala. Vumela lo msebenzi ube yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo kuphuhliso. Ke ngoko, qeqeshe ingqalelo yakho rhoqo kwaye kuyo yonke indawo. Umzekelo, uhamba nomntwana ngendlela eya kwivenkile okanye epakini. Cela umntwana wakho ukuba anikele ingqalelo kwizinto ezijikelezileyo: imithi, imida, iingcingo, izakhiwo. Vumela umntwana wakho afunde ukhunge itrayi nganye: Umbala, ukwakhiwa, ubungakanani, umgangatho wezinto eziphathekayo. Umzekelo, wabona ucingo lwekhonkrithi oluhlaza okanye odlulisele kwivenkile, iindonga zazo ezisemqaleni.
Cela imibuzo ekhokelwa umntwana: "Ucingo lwalubonakala?" Okanye "Ubone ntoni kwiindonga ezingabonakaliyo zevenkile?" njl. Imibuzo enjalo iya kunika impembelelo, kwaye umsebenzi wengqondo uza kusebenza ngamandla. Khumbula: imithambo ekhethekileyo inyuka kakhulu inkathalo enkulu, kodwa xa iveliswa ngokuthe ngqo, ifuthe liphuculwe kuphela. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ngexesha lokulala, ingqondo yomntu ihlala idibanisa ulwazi awayelufumeneyo ngaphambili.
Ke, ukhathalelo ngononophelo kufuneka lwenziwe nangaphambi kokulala. Dlala nomntwana wakho kumdlalo onjalo. Makavale amehlo, nangexesha lokufihla into. Emva kokuba umntwana evule amehlo, kuya kufuneka achonge into engekhoyo.
Kwividiyo elandelayo, uya kufumana umthambo onomdla wokuphuhliswa kwengqwalaselo xa usebenza nolwazi.