Isafireyishini ye-Synthitic ixhaphake kwimarike yebutyebi. Ilitye lendalo lithathwa njengexabisekileyo kwaye linexabiso eliphezulu. Enye indlela ikwanokuzibandakanya kwiimveliso, kwaye kwiimpawu zobuhle aziphantsi kakhulu kwinketho yokuqala.
Yintoni?
I-gem yendalo yenziwa kwimeko ethile yezigidi zeminyaka. Ixabiso layo lilungile, kwaye imfuno iselungile.
Iiminerals zendalo zisenziwa kwi-roust yomhlaba ngenxa yemisebenzi ethile yejografi edityaniswe ngexesha kunye nendawo.
Amanzi, ubushushu obuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo olunamandla kwi-ore ore ore. Basebenza kwiindawo zamaqela eekristali ezahlukeneyo . Kwi-sapfire idiphozithi kukho iigesi ezingamanzi ezijikeleza indawo evaliweyo iminyaka emininzi.
Kwiilebhu zokudala ii-nanomineral, izazinzulu zaphinda zancomeka iimeko zendalo. Kodwa ukuba ikristali ekhulileyo ibingubukhulu obufanelekileyo, kuthatha iinyanga ezininzi. I-Nano Safire ikhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ke i-analogues yendalo yendalo. Indleko zamatye abonakalayo iphantsi, kodwa hayi kakhulu ukuba uthelekise ngeglasi eqhelekileyo. Ubunyulu kunye nobunzulu bombala wekristali yokufakelwa yeyona nto ilungileyo kunemishu yokwenene. I-Hydrothermal Sapphire ayifuni ukucokiswa okongezelelekileyo njengelitye elinepropathi yokwenene. Ezi ndlela, ngendlela, zibiza kakhulu kwaye zifuna utyalomali olongezelelweyo.
Isafirethi yokufakelwa, kuthetha ingqumbo eyahlukeneyo. Sisiseko seerubhikhi kunye nee-emeralds. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi-sapfiire ufunyanwa kwi-titanium ne gland. I-Beryl eshushu ikwabandakanyeka kwi-synthesis. Ngemiqathango yemveliso, kunokutshiwo ukuba ilitye lokutyumba alikhuli, kodwa lipheke. Kwidatha yomxube we-aluminium oxide, ejongeka ngathi yinto eqhelekileyo emhlophe. Kwisafire, iya kujika kuphela kwiqondo lobushushu le-2200 degrees Celsius. Inqanaba lekristali lesafiticial safithetivelic yi-4 mm ngeyure. Kwiikristali ezinkulu ofuna ixesha elininzi. Kwixesha elizayo, ukuba kukho imfuneko, banqunyulwe, baqhubeke, benika ukufana kweedipozithi zendalo.
Ukuveliswa kwesafire yesafire
Eyona ndlela iphambili yokuveliswa kweekristali zekristali ifuna iziko elikhethekileyo le-verneill. Isetyenziswa kumashumi eminyaka. Ngokwale ndlela, i-aluminium oxide inyibilike kwidangatye le-hydrogen-oxygen. Iziko le-venamel lenza i-windows ihla. Ngokupholisa ngokuthe ngcembe, bakha ikristale. Ukongeza kwisafire, le teknoloji ilungele ukuveliswa kweruby, kunye namanye amatye axabisekileyo. Umahluko uhambelana nokungcola kwee-oxidee zentsimbi ezahlukeneyo ezinika umbala ofanelekileyo.
Itekhnoloji yenziwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 isetyenziswa ngoku. Iphuculwe kuphela utshintsho oluncinci, ukuvumela ukuhambisa inkqubo kwimiqathango yemveliso enkulu.
Ukusasazeka kwetekhnoloji enkulu yaqala ngo-1932, yaza yaqina ngakumbi ngexesha lemfazwe yesibini yehlabathi. Ngexesha lemveliso, umxube wezinto zomthombo ngeentlobo zezinto ezichaziweyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ziyasetyenziswa. Izinto ezinomthwalo ezilayishwe kwiyunithi zibizwa ngokuba "kukrakra".
Ubungakanani be-microplarivelic ekuqulunqweni kwentlawulo ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-20 microns. Inxalenye yezinto zemigude ilele kwi-bunker, apho kukho imingxunya. Ngabo izinto ezingena kwiziko, apho kutsha i-hydrogen frons. Umxube unyibilikisiwe kwaye i-crystal yembewu iyanda. Isikhongo seMbewu sijikeleza, sibonelela ngokukhuseleka okufanayo kunye nokufudumeza. Njengoko ikhula, imbewu isezantsi, kwaye inxenye ephezulu iguqulwa ibe ngumgangatho.
Ifom apho umxube ukho khona, kufana ne-cone eyandayo. Kuxhomekeka ekusetyenzisweni kwesona sixhobo siphambili kuyo, i-crystals ende ifunyenwe. Ukongeza ekusetyenzisweni, ezo paramitha ezinjengeegesi kunye nesantya sokujikeleza kubalulekile, umgangatho oshushu. Indlela ineengenelo ezibalulekileyo:
- Amandla okulawula ukukhula kweekristale;
- Iqondo lobushushu lokudibana lihlengahlengiswa ngokuzenzekelayo;
- Iinqaba ezinqabileyo kunye nexabiso eliphezulu azikho kwimpahla egqityiweyo.
Izinto ezingalunganga:
- Ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu kwikristale, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi luvela;
- Ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho wenkqubo, xa iqulathe intlawulo, izinto eziguqukayo zinokuguqula, kwaye ukubuyiselwa kwenkqubo akunakwenzeka.
Ukulungiswa emva kokulinywa
Ubume obuyiphumo kunye nobungakanani beekristali zihlala zihambelana nemilinganiselo yamalungu eyenziweyo. Ke ngoko, ukuqhubekeka kwezixhobo kuphantse kusoloko kuyimfuneko. Ngomatshini, ukujika okuqhelekileyo, ukugaya okanye oomatshini bokumba bengasetyenziswanga. Iimveliso zahluleke ngobuthathaka, ngenxa yokoyika kuphela ukuba inokwenzeka emsebenzini. Iidiliya zedayimani okanye ukugaya, ukunqunyanyiswa okanye iipesenti ezizodwa zinokusetyenziswa.
Ngokwesiqhelo, amasuntswana ezinto ezenziweyo zicinezelwe kumphezulu wezinto ezenziweyo. Yenza i-microcracks, eyokuqhubeka kwenkqubo ihamba nzulu. Amanyathelo ngakumbi akhokelela kwinethiwekhi yonke ye-rocks. Zivaliwe, zibangela i-chips zendawo nganye. Iingqimba zabo zisuswe kumphezulu, zinika imveliso ifom efanelekileyo.
Izinto ezixineneyo ezenzelwe ukulungiswa azizange zihlulwe zibe bubulqwala.
Isakhono sokukhubazeka sixhomekeke kule ndawo, ebonakaliswa yi-matshini okanye ukumelana nemichiza.
Iingcali zikhetha umntu onqwenelekayo kumgangatho wemifula ye-moyos. Ngokutsho kothintelo oluphambili kwizimbiwa, idayimani ihambelana neklasi yeshumi, kunye nenkululeko yesithoba. Iigrindi ezizodwa okanye ukunqunyanyiswa zilungele ukuqhutywa kwesafire.
Izityalo zokugaya zikhutshiwe i-iron, iglasi, intsimbi, iinxalenye zobhedu ezinemicross yamachaphaza athile. Ingqolowa ye-microphore inokuba ukusuka kwi-M14 ukuya kwi-M5. Emva kokugaya ikristali ekhulileyo, iyafuneka ityhidiweyo. Kule nkqubo, ukunqunyanyiswa okunzima kukhethiwe, nto leyo inkunkuma kumphezulu ukuya kulwabiwo olupheleleyo lwe-fani. I-Polingweyo yenziwa ngamanqanaba amabini apho kwahlukahlukana nobunzima okanye ubungakanani beenkozo.
Yintoni eyahlukileyo kwindalo?
I-curmum yokufakelwa, njengokuthengiswa kwendalo, iblowu emnyama okanye emnyama eluhlaza. I-Laboraric Aalog yindlela ethandwayo, ukwahlula inzima. Iingcali zikhulisa imveliso yokwenziwa ngaphandle kokuthambisa kunye nomonakalo, kwaye umgangatho onjalo uthandane. Ungajonga imveliso yezalathiso zangaphandle:
- Izimbiwa zokwenza izinto zinomthunzi ongenamkhenkce ngakumbi;
- Iziphene zangaphakathi ezikhoyo azikwenzeki;
- Imfundo yolwelo ukuba ikho, emva koko ichanekile ngokuchanekileyo, ngelixa iidipozithi zendalo azikho;
- Ukuba ngononophelo kakhulu ukuthathela ingqalelo isafires ayokwenyani kwaye inokwaziswa ngokuthe ngqo kumgangatho ofanelekileyo, kwaye amatye endalo aququzelela ukubandakanywa kwendalo okungaphelelanga kwilitye lelebhu.
Kwangelo xesha, iikhemikhali kunye neepropathi zekhemikhali zazo zombini iintlobo zezilwanyana ziyafana. Iingcali zahlula-hlula i-nues ezifihlakeleyo kwindawo yokukhula engalunganga. Ubunzima belitye lokwenyani nelilitye luhlukile.
Ukujonga ilitye elifana neSaphire, ufakelo olukhethekileyo lokufakelwa, umzekelo, i-corectometer, elinganiswa ziiparamitha zokungena okukhanyayo.
I-FENAYS FEN I-1.762 - 1.778.
Enye indlela ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kolwelo olukhethekileyo. I-Monobromnalin ibekwe kwisitya, esifakwe ngasemva kwePhepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo. Imingxunya eguqukayo ejijekileyo ithetha ngemvelaphi yelitye. I-ultraviolet ye-lave-wave ikwanokusetyenziswa. Phantsi kwesenzo sayo, ilitye lokwenyani aliyi kutshintsha umbala. Isampulu yekhubalo ifundeka imhlophe okanye iluhlaza emdaka. Ukukhanya kunokuba ngumthunzi obomvu. Kuxhomekeka ekubeni ukungcola okusetyenzisiweyo njengenxalenye yomxube.
Ngokunxulumene nokuphuhliswa kwetekhnoloji yokukhula kwesafires ekhulayo, kuya kuba nzima ukwahlula phakathi kwabo. Izigqibo ezigcweleyo zinokwenziwa kuphela ziingcali ezinezakhono ezifanelekileyo. Uncedo lwazazi iipropathi ezithile zelitye.
Iipropathi
I-Sapfire ye-Arfacial ineepropathi zangaphakathi ezifanayo kwilitye lendalo. Ukongeza kwishishini lobucwebe, lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yeyure okanye njengezixhobo ze-semicondcuctor. Kuzo zonke ii-semicondorud, ubuntununtunu obuphezulu beempawu ze-elektroniki yimpawu. I-Semicontueds isetyenziswa ngenkuthalo kwizikimu zeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Phantse zonke ii-chips ezihlanganisiweyo zanamhlanje ziqukethe izinto ze-semiconductor.
Izinto ze-crystalline zinokwazi ukwenza i-electrotock, kodwa kuguquko lobushushu, isenzo semitha yokukhanya, ubukho bokungcola kwezinye izinto. Izicelo ze-semiconductortuonder zibanzi: Ubunjineli berediyo, ii-elektroniki ezikhethiweyo. Kwelinye iyeza, isafire laziwa ngokuba yi-antidote ngokuchasene nezinto ezininzi eziyityhefu. Iimpawu zokuphilisa isafire ukusukela kwakudala zasetyenziselwa ukufumana iingcinga ezinyulu, uxolo ngokomoya, kunye nokulingana, ukufumana amathuba.
Ukukhetha kunye nokukhathalela
Elinye lawona matye anzima ukuvelisa i-labhoratric real yisafire ye-vasil. Ukwenza lo mthunzi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle koqeqesho ngononophelo. Idatha yezobugcisa kufuneka ihlonitshwe ngokuchanekileyo. Ilitye lendalo lale thunzi lifumaneka kuphela eIndiya. Kweli lizwe uyi-char chart kunye ne-curm yesiko. Ikhethwe kunyango lokusilela kwentliziyo, ukufumana uzinzo lwengqondo. Ukuba ilitye ligcinwe endlwini, iya kufika iqula leze mpilo, nomninimzi wenkokheli. Ezona zisampulu zintle zesafire zigcinwa kumazwe akhethekileyo amazwe anje:
- Thailand - 16 kg;
- Sri Lanka - 18 kg;
- I-USA - 15 kg.
ERussia, kukho isafire ye-Cornflower eveliswe kwi-Xix kwinkulungwane, igcinwe kwiNgxowa-mali yeDayimane yeLizwe. Ilitye lihlulwe ngamandla anganyanzelekanga kunye nokuqina. Ekhaya, umhlobiso ngeSapfire ufuna ukhathalelo olongezelelweyo. Ukuhonjiswa kungumswakama oqhelekileyo, ukuveza ukukhanya kwelanga, uthuli. Iimveliso zinokufakwa ukucoca rhoqo. Ukuntywila, izisombululo zesepha eziqhelekileyo okanye iigesi zeshawari ezifanelekileyo. Iimali ezisetyenzisiweyo kufuneka zihlanjwe ngamanzi abandayo.
Kwiindawo zokugcina ubucwebekileyo unokufumana iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokukhathalela amatye axabisekileyo. Zihlala zikwimo yokuhluza okanye i-napkins ye-napkins. Iindlela zibiza kakhulu, ke ukusetyenziswa kwabo kukusetyenziswa kakhulu kungcoliseko oluqinileyo lobucwebe. Kuba i-sapphire ayifane iphulukane nokukhanya kwayo kwangaphandle, kwanele ukusebenzisa iimveliso zokucoca ikhaya elinezindlu ezinesihloko esinezihostes zonke.
Bukela ividiyo ukuba ufunde ukuba ukwenziwa njani kwesafireyishini.