Enye yezona mkhosi zixabisekileyo zemveliso ezibandakanyekayo ebantwini yidayimani, ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-gebbry nakwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kweendleko zayo ezinkulu, kuxhaphake kwihlabathi liphela: Iidipozithi zayo zingafumaneka eRussia naseCanada, uMzantsi Afrika kunye ne-Australia, i-Indonesia nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Iimpawu zemveliso yedayimani, zimiselwe yimvelaphi yekristale exabisekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zendawo yazo, ziqwalasele ingqalelo.
Iipeksi
Ukubonakala kweedayimani kunyanzelekile kwingubo ephezulu yomhlaba, ngaphakathi kwabo bazalwe ngaphezulu kobunzulu beekhilomitha ezili-100. Le nkqubo kangangeenkulungwane inegalelo kwizinto ezimbini - ubushushu obungaphezulu kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu olukhokelela ekupheliseni igrafu yokuguqula ukuya kwiikristali ezixabisekileyo. Kwixa elizayo, iidayimani zikwiinzulu zeplanethi yamacandelo amakhulu okwethutyana ezibalwe ngamakhulu amawaka, izigidi kunye neminyaka yezigidi, kwaye emva kokubanjwa kwi-short shotss.
Iziphumo zokugqibela ziba yi-Kimberlite kunye neetyhubhu ze-lamproit ezinokuqhayisa ngomxholo omkhulu wezinto ezichazwe zixabisekileyo. Iingcali zithatha inqaku lokuba iiakhawunti zokuqala ze-90% ye-ofisi yedayimane yeidayimani, kwaye kumzuzwana-malunga ne-10%.
Iindidi zeedipozithi
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, olona hlobo luphambili lwamaqela eedayimane leidayimane ngumthonyama, ongeniswe yile tubhu ezichazwe apha ngasentla. Ezona ndawo zixhaphakileyo kule yokugqibela - i-Kimberlite-ibizwa emva kwesixeko saseMzantsi Afrika saseKimberly.
Kwakulapho ngo-1871 i-crystal ye-85 ct yafunyanwa, ephawula ukuqala komkhuhlane omkhulu wedayimani. Ngokuphathelele i-kimberlite, luhlobo olungwevu luhlaza-oluhlaza, olusebenza njengomnxibelelanisi weminerali ekuqwalaselwa kuyo.
Kuzo zonke iityhubhu zohlobo oluchaziweyo, ezisasazwe kwihlabathi, i-diamondos ithathelwa ingqalelo i-3-4% (yelona candelo libekwe kwi-Afrika kunye nempuma ye-IPIREA).
Ungcezo lwesibini lwamatye madmatic, eneedayimani, ziziphatho zezibane. Kwezi, i-musiral echaze imbiyiwe ukusuka kwisiqingatha sesibini seminyaka yee-1970, enxulunyaniswa nokuvulwa kwetyhubhu ye-Australia eNtshona Koloni. Ukusuka kwi-Kimberlites, amatye anjalo ayahlulahlulwahlulwa kohlukaniso lwe-titanium, phosphorus, potassium kunye nezinye izinto. Malunga ne-95% yeedayimani ezivela kwizibane zisetyenziselwa iinjongo zobuchwephesha, kwaye i-5% kuphela isetyenziswa kwi-jellsry.
Ukongeza kwabo bachazwe ngasentla, Kukho iidipozithi ezimelwe ngamasimi empahla. Zivela ngenxa yentshabalalo enkenye yeentsiba ze-magamatic thamospic thamospic, Kukho iidipozithi zempembelelo zinyanzelekile ukuba zivele ngeemitha zamaphiko.
I-crystals ezixabisekileyo ezikhoyo kuzo zibonakaliswa yi-Lamellar okanye i-Inaliti, kunye neendawo eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kweedayimani ezinjalo - isayensi kunye netekhnoloji.
Ukukhupha izimbiwa
Ukuziqhelanisa kubonisa ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi ukugoba iidayimani zenziwa kule dilesi ilandelayo:
- Ukuqhutywa kovavanyo lwengqondo, injongo yayo ekufunyanwa yintsimi;
- Ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yokulungiselela kubandakanya ukulungelelwaniso kwendawo yokuhlala yeengcali kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezixhobo eziyimfuneko;
- Ukudalwa komgodi wokumbiwa kwedayimani yedayimane ngokusebenzisa ukuqhushumba;
- Ukuqala komsebenzi ekukhutshelweni amanqatha amaxabisekileyo kumatye madmatic.
Umgodi ophambili wedayimani ubonelela ngokutyunyuzwa kwe-ore kwiingcezu ezinkulu (5-16 cm), kulandele ukwahlulahlula amatye amaxabisekileyo kunye ahambelana. Ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwesibini, la manyathelo alandelayo ayafakwa:
- Ukugaya okungaphezulu;
- ukuhlolwa;
- Ukucwangcisa ukuzala ngokwamaqela ama-4.
Inqanaba lokugqibela kukuthumela izinto ezithambileyo kwiziko, iingcali zabo ziqhutywa kakhulu iikristali kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo kokugqibela kwiintlobo, ubungakanani kunye nobunzima. Emva koko, iidayimani ziba yinto elungele ukuphumeza kumaqonga okuthengisa okukhokelayo.
Ngokweenkcukacha-manani, Ixabiso lobucwebe linama-70% eekristali eziziimitha. Iidayimani ezisele zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iinxalenye ezinyangekileyo zokunganyangeki, kunye neenxalenye zecandelo lwezixhobo zezonyango kunye neeyure.
Abathengisi behlabathi
Ukusukela kwixesha lesibini ukuya kwisiqingatha sesibini se-Xix inkulungwane, owona mthengisi mkhulu weedayimani emhlabeni yayili-India. Ukuqokelelwa kweMineraliyoni yeZimbiwa, kuhlolwe kwintsimi yayo, ngokuyintloko zinxulunyaniswa ne-deanic plateorest, iidipozithi zazo ziye zayindawo yokuzalelwa kwesininzi seedayimani ezibi.
Ngokuqala kwenkulungwane yama-20, umzi-mveliso waseIndiya waphulukana nesikhundla sabo esidumileyo, esiba sisiphumo sokuphelisa i-crystals exabisekileyo.
Okwangoku, eyona mali iphambili kwimveliso yedayimani ibonelela nge-9 ikwindawo ezikwi-4 yehlabathi:
- E-Afrika - Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, I-Angola neCongo;
- E-Eurasia - iRussian Federation;
- eMntla Melika - Canada;
- Ostreliya.
Ukongeza, iidipozithi eIndonesia zithathwa njengezithembisa kakhulu, uninzi lwayo kumazantsi wesiqithi saseKaliman.
Ukongeza, iidipozithi eIndonesia zithathwa njengezithembisa kakhulu, uninzi lwayo kumazantsi wesiqithi saseKaliman.
Ingqwalaselo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwiinkampani ezintathu ezenziwa kwixhoba lemizi nje ebalulekileyo ekuqwalaselweni nokulawula malunga ne-70% yentengiso yehlabathi. Zezi:
- Iibhiya (eMzantsi Afrika);
- "I-alrosa" (i-RF);
- Iqela le-rio tindo / i-Australia / i-United Kingdom).
Ngemibandela yexabiso, inkokeli yimali yenguqu evela eMzantsi Afrika (phantse i-6 yeebhiliyoni ze-USD ngo-2017, ngelixa inkampani yaseRussia i-1 indawo ye-1 ye-Crystals epheleleyo (ngaphandle kwe-40 yezigidi ze-40 yezigidi ze-CT.
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba imisebenzi ye-Abrosa ihambelana neRussia, inesi-32.8% yezabelo zoluntu lwe-angola "Katoka" Katoka ".", Yenye yeenkokeli zemveliso yedayimani yase-Afrika. Le ntsebenziswano iqhutywa ngempumelelo iminyaka eli-17 emva kokufumana izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo malunga nobunkokeli beli lizwe lichazwe ngasentla.
Ifanelwe kukuthandeka kunye nokuthengisa iimveliso apho i-alrosa ihlawula ekhethekileyo. Amasebe akhethekileyo avule eAntwerp, eLondon, i-Dubai, iHong Kong kunye namanye amaziko amakhulu eRhwebo lweHlabathi kwiDayimo zafaka isandla kwisisombululo salo msebenzi.
Zingaphi iidayimani eRussia?
Kwintsimi yoBukhosi baseRussia, idayimani yokuqala yafunyanwa ngaphandle kwenkulungwane yesibini eyadlulayo - ngo-1829. Iminemiyeli exabisekileyo, ubunzima bayo yi-0.5 ct, yafumanisa i-Popov ye-Peoad, ukuhlamba igolide kwiphondo le-perm.
Kwixesha elizayo, iikristali ezingaphezu kwama-250 zafunyanwa kwintsimi ye-Ural, ngokuyintloko ziyimfuneko kubuhle bazo obunomdla. Ukanti ubuncwane bedamari yaseRussia bafunyanwa eSiberia, ubutyebi obukhulu bokuphelelwa kamsinya.
Seberia
Eyokuqala ukuchaza i-hypothesis malunga nedayimani yommandla ekuqwalaseleni yayiyindalo yaseRussia yayiyindalo yase-Mikhail Lomononosov. Ingcinga yakhe iqinisekisiwe ngonyaka we-1897 ngenxa yokufumana ubunzima obuyi-0.67 ct, ifumene amanqaku kumlambo we-mill kufutshane nedolophu yaseSiberiisk. Ukukhangela okungaphezulu kweMineral exabisekileyo, iqaliswe emva kweMfazwe yeLizwe leMfazwe, ithwele impumelelo ngo-1949: Kulapho ke ukuba idayimani yokuqala ifunyenwe kwi-SOKOLIIT.
Ngokuphathelele ityhubhu yokuqala yeKimberlite kumhlaba waseSiberia ("uZarnitsa"), emva koko, emva kweminyaka emi-5, wafumana i-geologistr bargeva.
Emva koko, "Ilizwe" kunye "nempumelelo" elandelwe ngokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lwemimandla yedayimani yaseSiberia igxile kwiYokalia. Ixhoba lemizitha exabisekileyo ibandakanyeka kwinkampani enendawo yembumbulu e-Alrosa (iidayimani zaseRussia - uSakha), elawula i-99% yemarike yaseRussia. Ngo-1992, waba ngumva obenomvangongelayo i-Yakutamaz Trust, nto leyo eyayineminyaka engama-35. Ikomkhulu layo ikwisixeko saseMirny - ishishini lemizi-mveliso yedayimane yaseRussia, phantse bonke abantu ababandakanyekayo ekunikezelweni nasekuqhubekweni kweefossis ezixabisekileyo.
Eminye imimandla
Ukongeza kwiYakutia, iintliziyo ze-Russian Coader zinokuqhayisa ekugcinweni kweedayimani zedayimani - i-Arthangesk. Ukuqokelelwa kwee-mineral ezixabisekileyo, kubekwe kumhlaba wayo, ukwahlula-ninzi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3000 ukuya kwi-600 ukuya kwi-600 iminyaka yezigidi) kwaye zombini i-pubslite tubes, igcinwe phantsi kweendawo zamatye aphezulu.
Idipozithi yeLomonosovskoye, ubunzulu bendawo efikelela kwi-600 m ibekwe kwisithili se-primsky kwingingqi ye-primersky yengingqi, efikelela kwi-600 m.
Kukwakufanelekile ukukhankanya imimandla ye-Russian Federation enezixhobo ezincinci ezichazwe kwiMineral. Kwinxalenye yelizwe laseYurophu leli lizwe, iRiphabhlikhi yaseKomi, ummandla weMurmansk kunye neRiphabliki yaseKarelia, nakwindawo yase-Krasnoyark kunye ne-Irkutsk.
Iinyani ezinomdla
Ukuthetha ngokumbiwa kweedayimani, ndingathanda ukudweliswa Iinyani ezininzi ezongeziweyo zomdla kubandili beemkhulu zale makristale.
- Enye yezona ntlobo ze-kimberlite ze-kimberlite zaseRussia yi "ntlokoile". Imigodi yedayimani iqhutywa kuyo ukusukela ngo-1986, kwaye ubunzulu bophuhliso namhlanje bungaphezulu kwe-200 m. Izitokhwe ezizizigidi ezili-153 ze-153 yezigidi zenkunkuma ziyi-235.2 ct.
- Phakathi kwazo zonke iigademon zedayimani kwiRussian Federation, "Iphumelele" yeyona inkulu. Ubungakanani bomphezulu wayo bangama-2000x1600 m, ubunzulu bufikelela kwi-640 m, kwaye zonke iindawo zothintelo zidlula i-150 yezigidi zee-CT. Iikristali ezininzi ezidumileyo ezigcinwe kwingxowa-mali yedayimani yaseRussia yamilelwa kuye.
- Intsimi yesithathu ifanelekile "lihlabathi", inani elipheleleyo lezinto eziqikelelweyo zezigidi ezili-141 ze-CT. Ubude benyoka yendlela, yolula ecaleni kwayo, ingaphezulu kwe-8 km, kunye nobunzulu bomsebenzi kukuvumela ukuba ubeke into kuyo, imilinganiselo enokuthelekiswa ne-Ostantokue.
- Indawo ekhethekileyo kuluhlu lwamaqela endalo eedayimane ihlala intsimi ye-Popgigay, ibekwe kumda weYrasnoyark. Ukuba yeyona mpembelelo, sisiphumo semeteorite enkulu kumatye aqingqiweyo. Ulwazi ngaye, ubhengeza kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo, yaba yinto yokwenyani yabaphandi abanomdla kwi "Adamonds diamond."
- Elinye lawona masikhumbuzo echazayo echazwe imikhosi echazwe ngaphandle kweRussia yi-Australia Argail, esele ikhankanywe ngaphambili. Abaqokeleli bayayiqonda le dayimani ipinki yePink yomdla kubantu abakhokelayo.
- Phakathi kwamaqela onke edayimani e-Afrika, iKatol ithathwa njengethembisa ngakumbi (zozizo zizonke kuqikelelwa kwizigidi ezili-130 yezigidi). Iziphumo zophuhliso lwayo, ezicwangcisiweyo ukukhokela enye iminyaka engama-30, kufuneka ibe ngumgodi onobunzulu obunobunzulu beemitha ezingama-600.
Ngenxa yenqanaba lemveliso kumasimi langoku kunye nenqanaba lophuhliso lwabo, kunye nokubakho kokuvula imigodi emitsha, abahlalutyo beprofayile bakholelwa ukuba imfuno yeedayimane iya kudlula kwisiseko esisesekondani esisesekondani nakwindlela ende. Ke, Ayifanelanga kulindelwe ukuba inciphise iindleko zeminerali ekuqwalaselweyo kwikamva elibonakalayo.
Funda ngakumbi malunga nokukhutshwa kweedayimani eRussia, unokufunda kwividiyo engezantsi.