I-condundamu - izimbiwa ezixabisekileyo, ezona zidumbulo zidumileyo zesafire kunye neruby. La matye athathwa njengengekuphela kwegugu elixabisekileyo, kodwa amaxabiso aphezulu. Kwiminwe, kukho iqela lengcinezelo, efana nesakhiwo, iipropathi zomchiza kunye noluhlu lomzimba. Ixesha elide, iingcali zabela iintlobo ngeentlobo zecuba njengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye aqingqiweyo.
Emva kwesayensi yekhemikhali kunye nezifundo zeJografi zifezekisile inqanaba elithile, idatha yafunyanwa ukudibanisa iiminerals kwiqela elinye. Zonke izimbiwa zahlukile kuphela, kwaye zibume bazo. Yabelwe iqela lamatye phantsi kwegama eliqhelekileyo "i-curundm".
Imbali yemvelaphi
Imbali yeCoria ineenkulungwane ezininzi. Ibango elimangalisayo le mineral laphakama kwangoko njengoko kufunyenwe kuphela indlela yakhe. Ayizizo zonke izinto ezixabisekileyo ze-courqum ziqhelekile kwaye zaziwa Kodwa, mhlawumbi, wonke umntu uya kuba nakho ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba i-ruby okanye i-sapfire ifana njani.
Kodwa umbuzo weempawu ze-corundum kubantu abaninzi baya kubangela ubunzima, ngaphandle kwento yokuba zombini ngamatye adumileyo zisekwa kwiminerali. Ingcingo inesityebi semibala etyebileyo kunye neentlobo ezininzi. Iindleko zayo ziphezulu, kwaye ithandwa kakhulu ziingcali zinkulu.
Ekuqaleni, wayenokufumana kwaye anxibe kuphela abantu abakwinkolo, ababingeleli okanye ababingeleli. Yaqala ukusasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe le-corikomu ukusuka kwintsimi yeIndiya, wafika kumazwe aseYurophu. Ibango lecurqummu lenziwe ngokukhawuleza, amatye athandwa athandwa.
Ababingeleli, ilitye lafudukela ekufundeni, apho wafumana khona intsingiselo ebonakalayo. Izipho ezinamagqabi obufana weblue okanye ebomvu kumanqanaba e-diplomacy ephezulu bathathwa njengembonakaliso yentlonipho enzulu.
ERussia, imizila yavulwa phakathi kwinkulungwane edluleyo. IGAMA LEMALI IGAMA - I-YOHONT. I-Fry Yahont ligama leruby, kunye ne-lamo-sapfire. Eli litye lalixabisekile kakhulu kwi-Russia ngalo lonke ixesha lembali.
Yintoni?
Kumazwe awahlukeneyo, icundum ibizwa ngendlela yabo, kwaye Phakathi kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo, uya kudibana oku kulandelayo:
- Idayimane empuma;
- Violet;
- Padparadzha;
- Impuma yeMpuma;
- I-Almanandandene Sapfire;
- Impuma yeMpuma.
Kukho umxholo onje "njengelitye elicocekileyo" -kuthetha ukuba i-curbom ineempawu ezintle zendalo kwaye ixabisa kakhulu kwimarike yamatye axabisekileyo. Kucacisiwe yinto yokuba ukufumana amatye anjalo kunzima kakhulu, kuba kwindalo bafunyanwa bambalwa kakhulu.
Iimpawu ezahlukileyo kunye nenkcazo yee-mineral ezicocekileyo:
- ukungafihli ngokupheleleyo;
- Ilitye alinawo umbala ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-pigment;
- Uhlobo oluqaqambileyo lwe-glitter, i-vitreous;
- Ukufana okumangalisayo ngedayimane.
Uninzi lweedipozithi, i-risonda ifumana iiminerali ze-pigring equkethe ikakhulu zokufuya, umzekelo, uhlobo lweColoidal. Ngokuphathelele imibala, ipelette ye-shades inomtsalane: Iblue neblue, ibomvu kunye nebomvu, eluhlaza, emfusa.
Intsingiselo ekhethekileyo abantu kudala beza eCoundum, kuba amatye anjalo luphawu lwamandla namandla.
Indawo yokuzalelwa
Namhlanje, iidipozithi zenombolo ye-saphire coundum ziphantse ziphindwe ka-20 ngaphezulu kwe-ruby. Eyona nto imbi kakhulu yeekristale zenziwa eAsia. Indawo yophuhliso yi-quadrangle, ebandakanya I-Thailand, iMyanmar, iIndiya neSri Lanka. Ezona rubies zixabisekileyo zerabha yeprimiyamu ivela kwi-Sri Lanka naseMyanmar, kwaye safirerereres, kwaye safirere ye-elite yeza kwimarike yenyamakazi e-India.
Ukongeza, i-corbom imbiyiwe eTanzania naseOstreliya. Kulapho bafumana i-saphire shades enqabileyo - mnyama, luhlaza. Azikho iidiphozithi ezinkulu ezincinci zibekwe eUnited States naseCanada.
Ngokuphathelele kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, izihlangano zifumaneka eTurkey, Greece, Norway. Iindawo zasekhaya zibekwe kwi-Urals, kwi-primorye kwaye iphantsi kweKrasnoyayers. Enye yezona ndawo zamva nje zokukhupha i-curbom, ivulekile kwakudala, ikwiKazakhstan.
Iipropathi
Ngokwakhiwa kweekhemikhali, iqela le-corquum libhekisa kwi-crystalline aluminum oxide. Ilitye lenziwa kuphela apho ukuzala kuqukethe inani elikhulu le-alumina, kunye nesilica kufuneka kunikezelwe ngokufutshane. Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sokuqulunqwa kwekristali yezimbiwa - i-aluminium. Ifomula yochungechunge lwekhemikhali – I-AL203.
Ubulukhuni nexilongo liphezulu kakhulu, inomthunzi kancinci, ilitye elikhulu kwaye ilitye lingabonakali ngokupheleleyo. Iimpawu zobukhuni kwi-coriove zimi kwindawo emi-2 emva kweedayimani kwinqanaba le-MoOs. Ukuxinana-ubuncinci 3.94 g / cm3.
Amatye ngaphandle kwe-pigment anqabileyo, bahlulahlulwe bubuhle obukhulu kwaye banomngcipheko ofanayo kwiglasi.
Uninzi lwe-kornendi kukho indalo Ukujika kwiChromium, i-Iron, iManganese kunye neTitanium. Oku kungcola kwaye unike umbala wokugqibela wekristali yezimbiwa, ukudala ubutyebi bezithunzi. I-ox oxide inika umthunzi weqhina, kunye nobukho gland kwifom ecocekileyo yenziwa ntsundu ithoni. Intsimbi ngokunxulumene manganese inika i-courqum Pinki Umbala.
Ngenxa yokungeniswa kwe-titaraum, i-minerali iba yisafire, kwaye phambi kwe-chromium iguqula i-ruby curbom . Ukwenza i-pigment ibe nejusi enamafutha amaninzi kunye nokugculelwa, inxibe iikristale ziphantsi kwe-X-ray, kwaye ziyaqaqamba. Ukufudumeza izimbiwa, ngokuchaseneyo, kunciphisa ubungakanani bombala. Umzekelo, ilitye lomthunzi loombonda linokuba yipinki encinci.
I-Couths inezixhobo zemilingo kunye nempilo. Ngenxa yokunxiba rhoqo kwelitye, kunokwenzeka ukuba uzinze kakuhle ngokweemvakalelo kunye nokuzithemba. Uchaphazela ngokugqibeleleyo inkumbulo kwaye uyonyusa amandla okuvuma, ukuhambisa umsebenzi wengqondo. Ke ngoko, kuyacetyiswa ukuba isetyenziswe ngexesha loqeqesho, kunye nenkqubo yophando okanye yomsebenzi we-intentue.
Ilitye lifanelekile kwaye liyilo lokuyila ifuna ukuphefumlelwa.
Impembelelo yelitye iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lobucwebe ubukhulu becala.
- Amakhonkco kunye namakhonkco. Ukuhonjiswa okunjalo kunefuthe elihle kwiitalente, ezifihlwe emntwini, ekukhuleni ngokomoya lomntu. Ukuba uhlala unxibe iringi ene-curbom esandleni sakho, emva koko ngequbuliso uvusa ubuchule ongakrokrelayo. Ukwenzela ukuba abantu abaninzi kwaye bomelele, abanolwazi bacebisa iringi kuphela kumnwe ophakathi.
- Amacici. Chaphazela ngokugqibeleleyo uvavanyo lwenjongo yento eyenzekayo, unokuvavanya ngakumbi amanyathelo kunye nezenzo. Ukuba ucinga ngentsingiselo yobomi, nxiba i-curundus kwimithombo, kuya kunceda ekufumaneni kungekuphela kulo mbandela, kodwa kwaye uya kukukhokelela kwivisiso langaphakathi.
- Ipendant kunye nokunqunyanyiswa. Ifanelekile abo bafuna uxolo, ukulingana. Ukuba awuzinzanga ngokweemvakalelo, ungaphumli, usoloko unexhala, unyanzelekile, amiselwe ngobukrwada- oko kukuhonjiso kuwe. Kuya kunceda ukuba igxile ngakumbi, ukuzola, ayinangxaki yehla.
Akunakwenzeka ukuba ungazichaze ubume bendalo yonyango, kuba i-curtum ithathwa njengenye yezona zimbili zisebenzayo. Umbala uxhomekeke ekubeni amanyathelo anokuba nayo ilitye emzimbeni kwaye yintoni enokunceda.
Ngenjongo yonyango, sicebisa ukuba sinxibe umhombiso nge-curundm okanye eli litye nawe ebhegini. Izenzo ezinjalo ziya kunceda ukusombulula inani leengxaki zempilo: ukubuyisela ubugogo kunye nokusebenza kwesiqhelo kwamalungu angaphakathi. URubin uchaphazela ngokugqibeleleyo imetabolism, kuyanceda ukujamelana nezifo zenqanawa, iintliziyo, iinkqubo zegazi.
Izimbiwa eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka Phucula umsebenzi wamalungu ombono, Lubhelu Ixhamli ichaphazela impilo yangaphandle: ulusu, iinwele, izikhonkwane, zinike isikhumba kunye nokutsha. Ukuba ufuna ukuphucula ukusebenza kwamalungu okugaya okanye ukunciphisa umzimba, kuya kufuneka usebenzise amatye omthunzi ophuzi. bomvu Amatye abonisa uxinzelelo lwegazi. Mfusa Umbala weminerali iza kunceda ngezifo zenkqubo ye-nervous, i-neurosis, iesileji eziphazamisayo, i-iuralgias kunye neengxaki zemvula. Kwiimeko zokubetha, ukwenzakala kwengqondo kuyacetyiswa ukuba banxibe ilitye leli thunzi.
Abo bafuna ukuphucula ithowuni yomzimba, kufuneka unxibe ubucwebe, apho iindidi zamatye zidityanisiwe.
Iintlobo
Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-mineral-yesafire kunye neruby, banodidi oluphezulu kwi-gesile. Ngaphandle kokuqulunqwa okufanayo kunye neepropathi, amatye ahlukane omnye komnye.
IRuby inezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- unombala obomvu wemithunzi eyahlukeneyo;
- I-palette iyahluka kwi-cheicody cherry kunye nomthi obomvu obomvu kubantu abanobuthathaka, ukuba bangabamba ipinki yepinki;
- Iitoni ezigculelwe ngaphezulu (zibomvu, i-cherry, i-burgundedy, ibomvu emnyama);
- Amatye endiqeqeshayo ngexabiso labo rhoqo kudlula ixabiso ledayimane;
- Inqanaba eliphezulu lokungafihli.
I-cortum rundum inayo Iintsusa ezininzi ezinempawu ezahlukeneyo.
- Inkanyezi . Ikristali enqabileyo, ijongeka intle kakhulu ngenxa yempembelelo ebonakalayo ebonakalayo. Ukuba ujonga ukusikwa, unokubona uluhlu lwe-chibe.
- Ceylon. Umhle kakhulu welitye eqaqambileyo ye-violet violet, i-lilac.
- I-Siamese. Iindidi zemithunzi ziyahluka ukusuka kwi-brown kwaye ibomvu ukuya kwi-violet, kunye neeminerali zijongeka kwaye zintle.
Ezi mpawu zilandelayo zibonakaliswa kwisafire:
- Ukungafihli nto okwahlukileyo;
- Olona nqanaba luphezulu kwiziseko;
- Iphalethi ye-Shade ibandakanya iithowus ukusuka kwi-pale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwindawo eqaqambileyo, ebambe i-cornflower emnyama;
- Ukuxeliswa kwemithunzi yindawo, kodwa umbala ngokwawo unzulu.
I-saphires zecundus ineentlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.
- Mfusa. Olu hlobo lukwabizwa ngokuba yi-Amevatist, inemibala emnyama emnyama.
- I-chlorosaphhhhyr. Eyona ixabisekileyo kwilitye lesafires yelitye elinethoni eluhlaza. Le mineral ifana kakhulu ne-emerald, kwaye ingcali kuphela enokwazi ukwahlula. Elinye igama nguChlorosappire - East Emerald.
- Padparadja. Ibonisa iithoni ezikhanyayo zeorenji, etyheli, ipinki njengento yokukhanya kunye nobumnyama bemithunzi. Ngombala ocacileyo, onke amatye ahluke ngokupheleleyo.
- I-leukisppyr. Iimpawu zokungafihlisiyo zayo zingenasiphoso, luhlobo lohlobo olubizwa ngokuba yidayimane yasempuma.
- Inkanyezi . Iindidi ezinqabileyo, zineempawu ezifanayo kunye neziphumo nge-ruby yegama elifanayo. Ilitye lokucoceka elimangalisayo kunye nokungafihli nto, lixabiso kakhulu kwaye lixatyisiwe kakhulu ngabaqokeleli.
I-curundum emhlophe ayinayo i-pigment, oko kukuthi, enyanisweni ibe mhlophe okanye i-tingi engwevu, esele ifunyenwe.
Isebenza phi?
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-courqum exabisekileyo akusebenzisa kungekuphela nje kwi-gebbry. I-Opaque Ilitye elisetyenzisiweyo kwiShishini le-Abrasive . Kuyo lenza imigubo yohlobo lokushicilela, izixhobo zokugaya, izinto ezi-flasive.
Ngenxa yokungaxhathisi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, icundumu isetyenziswe ngempumelelo ngaphakathi Ukuveliswa kweemveliso zonyango, ii-elektroniki. Ukongeza, i-courkhem isetyenziswa ekwenzeni izinto ezinepropathi yoThefa-ndlebe. Enye indawo apho iipropathi ze-corindIty zihlala zisetyenziswa - Ishishini lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya. Yicuba esetyenziswa ekwenzeni i-versit yeglasi yokuphela kweglasi ye-portholes hayi kuphela inqwelo moya, kodwa nayo imijukujelwa yendawo.
Ngaphandle kwazo zonke ezi mpawu, uninzi lwecunduramu isetyenziswa ekwenzeni ubucwebe. Iimveliso ezineerubhi kunye nesafire zikwimfuno enkulu.
Ngubani ophakamayo?
Kukholelwa ukuba i-corundum lilitye labantu elinamandla, umsebenzi, injongo, injongo kwaye uya koyisa. Iipropati zelitye zikuvumela ukuba uthumele abantu kwiinjongo, dibanisa izixhobo zabo zangaphakathi. Ngokutsho kwabavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi, le mineral ilungele imiqondiso emininzi ye-zodiac.
Umzekelo, I-Aquarius, umhlaza kunye neentlanzi Inokunxiba ngaphandle kwezithintelo. Kubo, iZimbiwa isebenzisa ezona ndawo zibalulekileyo kwaye ikuvumela ukuba utsala amaza anezandla ezihle ezikhusela ngokuchasene ne-negative. Ingcibi ye-condqum iyanceda abo babandakanyekayo kwishishini okanye kwimisebenzi yendalo, kunye nabakhuselo abangamandla buthathaka kakhulu.
I-aries Le crystal iphantse ifanelekile kwaye ilunge ngakumbi ukunqanda ukunxiba kwakhe ebomini. Ukuba sele uphumelele iminyaka engama-40, ke le nto ungasebenzi. Ngokuchasene noko, ekukhuleni kweenqanawa zinokususa kakhulu kwilitye: impumelelo kubomi bomntu, ukukhula komsebenzi, ukuvusa iitalente.
Ngokwasemzimbeni akacetyiswa ukuba anxibe i-colondum ICapricorn - Ukusuka kuzo zonke iimpawu ezili-12 ze-zodiac, iyodwa ngaphandle kwayo indlela ehambelana namandla ale mineral. Ukuba awuthathe ingqalelo ukungangqinelani okunje, zonke iipropathi zelitye ziya kuqala ukusebenza kwelinye icala, ngokuchasene nomntu. Zonke ezinye iimpawu, zinokuhonjiswa ngelitye elinje, kodwa ngokudibeneyo kunye nenye i-gem. Umzekelo, Iintsomi I-corquum iya kunceda ngakumbi ekudibaniseni nge-turquoise, kwaye I-lerv Le mineral ilunge kakhulu ukuba inxibe ngokudibeneyo ne-amber okanye i-brown ebukhali.
IMithetho yoKhathalelo
Kumatye ahlala ejongeka ngokungabonakaliyo, kufuneka ubakhathalele ngokufanelekileyo:
- Sula amaxesha ngamaxesha ukufota ngelaphu nge-racoricted ngesisombululo sotywala ka-Amomoni ngamanzi;
- Umonakalo omileyo unzima kakhulu, kodwa yimfuneko ukuyijonga kwisakhelo kwishekethi ethile;
- Gcina imihlobiso ekukhanyiseni, ngakumbi phantsi kwelanga, akavumelekanga;
- Akunakwenzeka ukutyhoboshelwa kokuhonjiswa ngokugqithisisa ngamatye endalo, njengoko imibala yabo inokutshintsha, ibe lula;
- Sukusebenzisa ukucocwa kokucoca ngeekhemikhali zengca kunye nokuthetha i-abrasive kuthetha-khetha izisombululo ze-SOOPY.
Ungahlula njani kwelitye lendalo kwinyani?
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-Xix, i-cundumus yokuqala yesokuveliswa, kwaye ukusukela ngoko, izimbiwa zokufakelwa zikhule kwiilebhu, ezingenakuthiwa zii-fakes, kodwa zinomahluko omkhulu kwi-GEMS yendalo. Iilebhu zokulinywa kweekristali ziseRussia, eJamani, eSwitzerland. Kuba ikrista yendalo ibiza kakhulu, I-courtial curbom ikwimfuno enkulu. Ngaphandle, zifana kakhulu neeminerali zendalo, kwaye zinexabiso eliphantsi.
Xa uthenga iimveliso ngamatye endalo, kufuneka unikele ingqalelo kakhulu, kuba kukho umngcipheko wokuthenga inkohliso kwaye uhlawule kwi-10, okanye i-100 ngaphezulu kunokuba kufanelekile. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchonga imvelaphi yeminerali.
Kwikristale nganye yendalo iyafumaneka Isiqinisekiso seMali Apho indawo yayo yexhoba ibonisiwe. Ukuba akukho siqinisekiso, kwaye imveliso iwele ezandleni zakho, idlula umbutho worhwebo, ungayijonga ngendlela ethile, umzekelo, ngokufudumeza. Ikristali yokufakelwa ishushu kangangokuba umbala wabo uba nejusi, kodwa ukuba uthe ubushushu ilitye anje, luya kuva.
Kwizinto zokufakwa konquendi, ngokungafaniyo nendalo, amaqabhu anokubakho. Ukongeza, i-ilabhoratri ye-ilabhoratri inohlobo lwe-curvilinear, inokubonwa, ijonge kuye ngeglasi yokukhulisa.
Ukuba uceba ukwenza ukuthengwa kwe-courkom yendalo, Nika imveliso ukuze uvavanye apho ingcali iya kuyijonga nge-microscope okanye i-polariskop . Uviwo olunjalo luya kukunceda ukuba ubone ubunyani beminerali kwaye igcina ukufunyanwa kwenkohliso.
Malunga nendlela elula yokwahlula inyani ichaza le vidiyo ilandelayo.