Kukho inani elikhulu lezinto ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendawo zomsebenzi. Kodwa inkcazo yenani elikhulu labantu malunga nabo libalaseleyo. Ke ngoko, lixesha lokufumanisa, umzekelo, konke malunga nomsebenzi wenjineli kumgangatho.
Iipeksi
Igama lomsebenzi wobuchule benjineli esemgangathweni kubantu abaninzi bayadideka okanye bangaqondanga. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, nayiphi na injineli, kunye nomphuhlisi nje, ekugqibeleni unyanzelekile ukuba usebenze kumgangatho wemveliso yayo, ngeendlela zonke ukuyondisa, funa amathuba ongezelelweyo okuphucula iimveliso. Kodwa inqaku kukuba injineli esemgangathweni iyafana nomlawuli kwi-OTB (ukuba uthatha i-analog embalwa). Namhlanje, iingcali ezibandakanyekayo kulawulo lomgangatho zenye yawona manani akhokelayo kulo naliphi na ishishini lemizi-mveliso.
Akukho nto ingabantu ababalulekileyo kunophawu lolawulo lweeasethi okanye abaphathi abaphezulu. Ukuba umgangatho weemveliso okanye iinkonzo azinelisanga ukulindelwa kwabathengi, umthengi ngokukhawuleza ukhetha enye inkampani. Kwaye emva koko iinkundla ziqala, izohlwayo ezahlukeneyo ezivela kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente.
Injineli esemgangathweni kufuneka ibe nemfundo ephezulu. Ikwamiswa linani lezinye iimfuno, eziza kuxutyushwa kuzo.
Uxanduva
Inkcazo yomsebenzi oqhelekileyo kwinjineli eqhelekileyo nephambili kumgangatho ichaza le misebenzi ilandelayo:
- ukuqhuba amanyathelo okuphucula umgangatho wemveliso;
- ulawulo lwemisebenzi yezahlulo zombutho (ukuze zisebenze kakuhle kwaye ngokucacileyo);
- Ukulandelela ukuthotyelwa kweemveliso ngeMigangatho yeRussia nezamazwe aphesheya, iZicelo ezifanelekileyo kunye nezilindelekileyo zomthengi ezilindelekileyo;
- Ukugcina ukuthotyelwa kweemveliso ezithunyelwe ngabathengi bamanye amazwe kwiimfuno eziphambili zokuthumela kwelinye ilizwe;
- uphuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa kwenkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho;
- Ukuthintela ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezisemgangathweni, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezimbi okanye ukusebenza ngendlela engeyiyo.
Kodwa oku akupheleli kwisangqa semicimbi, okubandakanya injineli esemgangathweni kumbutho. Imiyalelo esemthethweni, iPrimpasandard kunye ne-etks zithetha eminye imisebenzi. Ingcali yale ndawo yenza le misebenzi ilandelayo:
- Izifundo kunye neentlonelo zonke zifumene izikhalazo, zihlalutya isiseko sazo;
- Ilungiselela abaphathi iingxelo ngeziphumo zezikhalazo ezifundwayo;
- Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimbalelwano kwiziphumo zokuqwalaselwa kwazo zonke izikhalazo kunye nezikhalazo;
- ilungiselela izigqibo malunga nomgangatho wezinto ezingenaziveliso ezingenanga kunye neemveliso ezigcweleyo;
- kuvavanya ulwazi lwabanye oochwephesha bemilinganiselo kunye neemfuno zemveliso kunye neenkonzo ezigqityiweyo;
- Ilungiselela, ukuba kukho imfuneko, amaxwebhu amabango kubaxhasi, iikontraki kunye nezinye ii-counterpiries;
- nceda ulawulo oluqinisekisiweyo lweemveliso, imigca yemveliso, itekhnoloji kunye nezinto ezintsha;
- Ibeka iliso ekuphunyezweni kwemigqaliselo yabasemagunyeni bolawulo lukarhulumente kunye nezigqibo zenkundla ngokwemigangatho yempahla kunye neenkonzo, umbutho wemveliso.
Ulwazi nezakhono
Ewe kunjalo, esi sikhundla sinoxanduva sibonisa uluhlu olubanzi lwezobuchule, ngaphandle kwento engenakwenzeka ukuba yenze nakweyona mveliso incinci. Qiniseka ukuba ufunda:
- I-State kunye neMimandla, kwiCandelo leMimandla neMimandla kwicandelo lomgangatho kunye neempawu zeemveliso ezigqityiweyo, umbutho wenkqubo yetekhnoloji;
- Isakhiwo, amanqaku enkampani ethile kunye nezixhobo zemveliso zomntu ngamnye, imigca, iisayithi zabo;
- Iindlela (iindlela) zovavanyo olutshabalalisayo noluchithakeleyo, imida yokuqhutywa kwayo kunye neendlela zabo zokuvavanya iziphumo zifezekisiwe;
- ukusebenza kweofisi ngokubanzi nakwintlangano ethile, inqanaba ngokukodwa;
- amagunya amagunya olawulo lukarhulumente kunye nabasebenzi babo;
- Iindidi eziphambili zomtshato wemveliso, iimeko zembonakalo zayo;
- Ukufika kwemaski yokukhupha abasebenzi;
- Iindlela zokuchonga umtshato, iindlela zokufumana ubufumana ubudlelane;
- Iimfuneko ezisisiseko zezixhobo kunye nezixhobo, iindawo zokusebenza kunye nombutho wabasebenzi, inkqubo yetekhnoloji kunye nemo yendawo yomsebenzi;
- Izinto ezinokuba nefuthe eliyingozi kumgangatho-kuyo yonke i-chain yemveliso, kubandakanya ii-overspiries;
- Iimodeli zokusebenza ezivumelekileyo nezingamkelekanga zokwenza izixhobo;
- Iimpawu zokusebenza kunye nezixhobo;
- Iigrafu zokuqinisekiswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo, iindlela zovavanyo, uhlengahlengiso, ukulungiswa, ukwakhiwa kwakhona;
- Izinto ezisisiseko zomthetho wezabasebenzi;
- imigangatho yokhuseleko;
- Imigaqo yeemveliso zovavanyo ezigqityiweyo.
Kodwa kuphela kolwazi, kwaye kukwakhona nezakhono, kunye nokukwazi ukuzisebenzisa. Ke, injineli esemgangathweni ihlala ingugqirha wezengqondo. Kuya kufuneka akwazi ukuhlengahlengisa nabantu abohluke kakhulu kwaye ngamaxesha awonakeleyo ukubamba ukuba bazama ukufihla okanye kancinci. Emva koko, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuze uhlaziye ulwazi lwakho. Ngapha koko, umthetho ofanayo, imigangatho eyahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zolawulo, itekhnoloji kunye noomatshini zihlala zitshintsha rhoqo.
Isakhono esibalulekileyo senjineli esemgangathweni siya kuba yingqondo yendibano, uyilo, uyilo, ukusebenza kunye namanye amaxwebhu, izikimu kunye nomisho. Kuya kufuneka azisebenzele kuye kunye nobuchule bombono obanzi wokuba isetyenziswe njani imveliso egqityiweyo. Emva kwayo yonke into, kwinto enye kwihlobo eshushu kwaye embindini kaFebruwari kwenye indawo embindini weYakute unokuziphatha kakuhle iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye le kuphela komzekelo ocacileyo, kwaye kusekho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela umgangatho kunye nokubaluleka kwezinto. Imicimbi enjalo iya kuba mincinci:
- iziseko zethiyori yomthetho kunye nenkqubo yangoku yokuqhubela phambili kwimigangatho kwintsimi yabo;
- Iziseko zoqoqosho lombutho (ukuze zinganikezeli ngamanyathelo angonakalisi ukuphucula umgangatho);
- Ulwimi lwangaphandle (alunakho nokuba linye) -Ukuzilungiselela ngokukhawuleza iimfuno kwamanye amazwe, ngetekhnoloji entsha;
- Imigaqo yezabasebenzi kunye nokhuseleko lwemveliso (ukuze ikhuselwe kwaye inganikeli nantoni na enokwenzakalisa abanye abantu);
- Imeko kumashishini okhuphiswano lwasekhaya nolwangaphandle.
I-phefe ngabaqeshi abanokubakho kubonise ukuba xa udliwanondlebe kwaye kwixesha lokulinga, banikela ingqalelo eyodwa kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
- ulwazi lweelwimi lwesiNgesi;
- umbono weyona nto iphambili kwimizi-mveliso yayo;
- umbono we-ISO 9000;
- Imfundo ekhethekileyo (ishishini elihambelanayo, oko kukuthi, kwenye indawo kwi-biological, umzekelo, ifanelekile);
- ulwazi lwe-ISO 17025;
- Amava ekhethekileyo.
Ngamanye amaxesha (kodwa kunqabile kakhulu) funa i-ISO 14001, i-GMP, i-sigma. Nangona kunjalo, kulungile ukuqonda ukuba yonke le ndlela. Ulwazi ngeendlela zeenkcukacha-manani kunye neendlela zokunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle akubangakho uqinisekiswa.
Kodwa ubuchwephesha obuhle bayazi la maxesha e-Izubok. Kuba ngaphandle kokuba bengakwazi ukuphuculwa zezakhono zabo.
Imfundo
Ngokwayo, Ukuqeqesha ingcali enjalo kufuneka ilungelelaniswe ibaluleke kakhulu. Kwanakwiinkcazo zomsebenzi ezimiselweyo ngokungqongqo ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba ibe nemfundo ephezulu. Iziko elifanelekileyo lemfundo linokuba yinjineli ye-moscow kunye neze-uqoqosho. Kukho iindlela ezikhethekileyo "njengabaphathi" kunye "nolawulo olusemgangathweni". Abahlali beqela lemimandla enomtsalane ngokwendawo (kwaye ababi kakhulu kwinqanaba loqeqesho), iYunivesithi yase-Ural Irate ivela.
Iindlela ezizezinye:
- I-Meaa (ubunjineli boomatshini, ukumiselwa komgangatho kunye neMetrology, uLawulo lweMigangatho);
- I-Runhigs (Ulawulo, Ulawulo loMgangatho);
- I-Baltic "emkhosini" (ukwenza isixhobo, ukubekwa emgangathweni kunye neMetrology);
- IYunivesithi yaseKorgan yaseKurgan (iMigangatho kunye neMetrology);
- IYunivesithi yasePolytechnic ye-St.
- I-FEFU (ulawulo lomgangatho, itekhnoloji yamachiza);
- I-URF (iprinta kunye nokuThengiswa kweTekhnoloji yeNkqubo, uLawulo loMgangatho).
Indawo yomsebenzi
Injineli esemgangathweni inokusebenza kwimveliso yayo nayiphi na iprofayili. Kodwa iingcali ezilungileyo zinombala omxinwa wemikhosi yesicelo. Akunakulindeleka ukuba loo mntu mnye, umzekelo, angalunga ngokufanelekileyo ukuba alawule umgangatho kwimveliso yokutya, kumzi-mveliso wenyukliya nakwindlela yoololiwe. Nale ngcali inokufumana indawo:
- Iphemoskoglogy;
- imveliso yemoto;
- ukuvelisa izinto zokwakha;
- ishishini lendwangu;
- icandelo lenkonzo;
- ukusebenzela inkuni;
- Imekhenikhali yenjineri;
- I-Mentaurgy, intsimbi;
- ukuthunga, amashishini eShie;
- Imibutho eyakhayo kunye nemibutho elungisayo kunye neqela elininzi elingakumbi.
Injineli esemgangathweni ihlala ihamba kunye neeprojekthi zonke kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi babo. . Ke, ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe, ukuphuculwa kweentlobo ezintsha zeemveliso azichazwanga. Kwaye nokubaluleka kwemveliso ethile evela kwi-Nomentration yeemveliso ezifanelekileyo kuhlala kunxulunyaniswa nesigqibo somsebenzi esihambelanayo.
Iingcali zenqanaba lokuqala zinokubala umvuzo wamawaka angama-30 ukuya kwengama-40 ngenyanga. Xa udidi lokuqala okanye lwesibini wabelwe, umvuzo ukhula nge-40-100%.
Ngokomyinge, eRussia, i-stater yemivuzo kwinjineli esemgangathweni ivela kwi-25 ukuya kwi-120 yamawaka amawaka e-ruble . Kwikomkhulu lelizwe, esona sikhombisi sisezantsi malunga nee-ruble ezingama-40,000. Olona phawu luphezulu lunokuthembela kwi-ruble i-150,000. Kodwa koku kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuba uzinze kakuhle, "yenza igama" kwindawo yobungcali. Ithemba elifanelekileyo lihlala linqunyelwe kwimfundo esebenzayo engavumeli ngokulula kwaye ihambe iye kwelinye ishishini. Inqanaba elilandelayo (alisanxulumana, nangona kunjalo, ngqo kwimisebenzi yobunjineli) kukufumana indawo yentloko yendlela okanye iqumrhu leprojekthi yeziseko zophuhliso.
Phambi kwamava, injineli esemgangathweni iya kuba nakho ukungenela inkonzo kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente. Apho, izakhono zakhe ziya kuba nomdla kumasebe okwamkelwa kwee-odolo zangaphandle, kunye nezahlulo ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ubukhulu bengcuko enjalo ibandakanya ingqesho ukuya kwisithuba se-verifaer okanye umhloli. Oku kusengqiqweni: Kungenxa yokuba injineli esemgangathweni kwinkqubo yomsebenzi iqala ukuqonda ukuba iintsilelo ezithile ziyimasi. Ke, uya kuba ngoyena mntu unamandla. Kwaye nantsi into efanelekileyo ukukhankanya uninzi olungakumbi oluchaphazela ngqo umsebenzi wengcali enjalo.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba uza kuba ngumphathi ophakathi. Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba iimfuno ezininzi zinikezelwe kwinkangeleko yayo kunye nokuziphatha kwane kunokuba ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo.
Ngaphaya koko, umsebenzi wobungcali wenjineli esemgangathweni kwinqanaba langoku ayizicingela ngaphandle kweenkqubo zoyilo ezenzekelayo kunye nezinye iitekhnoloji zolwazi. Kubalulekile ukuba iimpawu zemveliso azifanele zisiphelise ngokwayo; Kuya kufuneka sicinge ngayo ukuze bayilungele kwindawo oya kuyo.
Kwindawo yokusebenza yomphathi wembutho, ngumntu owaziyo ukuba nobunzima bokuphuhlisa iziganeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neziphumo zenyathelo ngalinye. Ngapha koko, oku kuyakufuneka kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza ngabakhutshelwe ixesha ezininzi, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwexesha kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bacela ukungafezeki kolwazi. Susa ukungaqiniseki kwinqanaba elinjalo akunakwenzeka kwaye akunakuze kubekho. Ukuba kuphela kuba lonke uhlobo lwemveliso entsha, inkqubo entsha yetekhnoloji ineengcambu zayo "zemingxunya".
Okokugqibela, kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ingeniso ephakathi yenjineli emgangathweni kwimimandla emininzi:
- I-ekatinburg - i-53,000 ruble;
- I-Rostov-kwi-Don-i-49000 ruble;
- I-novosibirs-48000 ruble;
- Volgograd-32000 suble;
- Vladivosk - 56,000 ruble;
- USt. Petersburg - i-ruble ezingama-60000.
