I-Rhodium yintsimbi enqabileyo kwaye eyaziwa kakhulu ngabathandi bobucwebe. I-Rhodium ithintela imbonakalo yokukrwela kwaye ifunga kwiimveliso ezixabisekileyo, igalelo kulondolozo lwembonakalo yokuqala ixesha elide.
Yintoni?
I-rhodium yindawo yekhemikhali i-N45 ukusuka kwitheyibhile ye-MendeleeV, enxulumene nezinyithi ezinemikhono yeqela lePlatinam. Into yavulwa yiBritish Wiyam Hydov Vollaston ngo-1803 xa isebenza nesisombululo seplatinam. Kuyo, umchiza wafumanisa into epinki epinki epinki, ebizwa ngokuba yi-rodi, eguqulelwe kwi-Greek ithetha "iRose".
I-rhodium yenye yeentsimbi ezibi kunye nexabiso eliphakamileyo, Into ebangelwa kukuntywila kokungabikho kweplatinam kwinqanaba leshishini. Kwindalo, ikho kwiiminerali, kubandakanya iPlarinoids ezininzi ngexesha elinye. Ingcali iqaphela ukuba ukufumana i-1 kg yale ntsimbi ifuna iitoni ezininzi zeplatinam. I-Vollarson ibalaselise i-rhodium ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Emva kwemigudu kaProfesa Ledbinsky yavulwa indlela entsha yokwabiwa kweRhodium -Impembelelo kwisisombululo se-platinoid ityiwa kubanda. Ngenxa yoko, ukupholisa kwisisombululo kwawela i-picippet, ingeniswe ziikhompawundi zeRhodium naseIridiya. Le ndlela yayixhaphake kakhulu kwimveliso yemichiza kwaye isasetyenziswa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngoncedo lwendlela yeLebinsky, ukulandelelana kweetoni ezingama-30 zentsimbi ecocekileyo kukhutshwa rhoqo ngonyaka.
Inkqubo ejolise ekuhlukaniseni iplatinam kwaye ifumane eyona rohodium ecocekileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-Anetineint.
Ngokungenisa i-Rhodium, izithunzi ezibomvu-i-pink iphawuleka kuphela kwimichiza yayo, ngelixa isinyithi sibukeka njengesilivere, nangona engaphantsi kuye kukukhanya okuqaqambileyo. Ke, Isixa sokukhanya esiboniswe yile ntsimbi singama-80%, ngelixa isilivere ngama-95% kwisilivere . Ngaphandle koku, ekwenzeni kwezibuko zobugcisa, endaweni yesilivere, ihlala isetyenziswa yi-rhodium. Oku kungenxa yokubonisa kwePlatinoid kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukusebenza kunye nokuxinana okuphakathi kwe-elektromagnetic, kubandakanya uluhlu lwe-infrared. Ngamanye amagama, i-Rhodium Coades inokusebenza iminyaka emininzi, ngelixa isilivere itshiza phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo ayilosingo.
Uhlobo lwesinyithi lungaphelelanga ngaphandle kokukhankanya ixabiso layo. Ixabiso leRhodium enyulu lihlala lihluka kwaye lixhomekeke kumthamo wonyaka wemveliso. Ke, nge-Agasti ka-2016, i-Troyan kwakuqala i-rhodium (31,1034768 g) ixabisa malunga ne-700 yeedola, kodwa kwiminyaka elandelayo inyuke kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kuka-2020, ixabiso le-Rhodium Iyot enobunzima obuthile nge-ounce yi- $ 9,000. Indleko eziphezulu kungenxa yokuba isinyithi singenazimbiwa saso kwaye sine-qubinam ye-nabckel, i-nickel kunye ne-ore, kunye neqabane legolide njengeqabane.
Nangona kunjalo, owona mxholo mkhulu we-rhodium uqatshelwe kudidi lwe-Osmiste Iridia - iRhodium Nevyanskit, ebandakanya malunga ne-11.3% yeentsimbi ezinqabileyo.
Ubume kunye neepropathi
I-Rhodium yintsimbi eqinileyo yesilivere, engaphezulu kwe-platinam yakhe "kwiPlatinam yakhe yokuzinza kweekhemikhali kwiindawo ezininzi zokuzonwabisa. Ifomula ye-elektroniki ye-atom yayo ijongeka ngolu hlobo: I-RH-1s 2 2s 2 2P 6 2P 6 3P 6 3P 6 4D 6 5 4D 8 5 5. Intsimbi ichithwe kakuhle kwinkqubo yokubila kwi-Royal Vodka (i-HCL kunye ne-HNO3 yomxube), kwi-H2SO4 igxile (xa ifudumele) kunye ne-hydrogen peroxide. Inqaku lokunyibilika ngu-1964 ° C, ukubila - i-3697 ° C, ukuxinwa kwentsimbi kwi-20 ° C yi-12.41 g / cm3. I-RHODIim yeqela leentsimbi zomhlaba onqabileyo, kwisimo esomeleleyo sinemibala yesilivere ene-tint ebandayo.
I-Rhodium izitayile ngokwemichiza, nesiphumo sokuba i-nometals iphinde isebenze kakubi - ngokukodwa ukufezekisa iqondo lobushushu le-cred cagine. I-oxidation yentsimbi inokwenzeka kuphela kwimeko etyumkileyo kwaye kuphela kwi-1000 ° C.
Ngenxa yeplastithi ephezulu, evelayo xa ifudusele kwi-850-900 idigri, utshintsho lwentsimbi kwi-wire olucekeceke luyenzeka, ukusuka emva kokuba kuqale i-foil kunye nokuqengqeleka.
Umgangatho obalulekileyo wesinyithi uthathwa njengesakhono sokutshintsha umthunzi wayo, ebaluleke ngokukodwa kwi-gewelry. Ke, xa ubangelwe kubushushu obungama-800 ° C, i-Rhodium idityaniswe ngefilimu ye-oxide inyamalala ngokwandisa amaqondo obushushu ukuya kwi-1000 ° C. I-rhodium emnyama ixabisa kakhulu, ebaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ubucwebe bokucwangcisa kakhulu. Elinye ipropathi yesinyithi kukukwazi kwayo njengeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphenduleni kweekhemikhali. Ngenxa yoko, ngoncedo lomgubo we-rhodium otshisiweyo, utywala be wayini eqhelekileyo unokuguqulwa ibe yi-acetic acid.
Idipozithi kunye nemigodi
Umthamo wonyaka weHlabathi yeHlabathi yeRhodium ziitoni ezingama-30. Iimali ezincinci zemveliso zibangelwa kukohliswa kwento esezantsi komhlaba kunye nokungabikho kweminerali yabo. Iidipozithi zentsimbi eziphambili zibekwe kwiRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika, ezibonelela nge-75-80% ye-rhodium ukuya kwimarike iyonke. Iidipozithi ezingathandekiyo zikwiCanada, eColombia naseRussia - kumazwe ane-avareji yeplatinam ye-fathanum esezantsi.
Ukongeza kubumbano, indlela yokujonga yemveliso yensimbi ithathwa njengekhutshwayo ye-isotoupe yayo kwi-tlutonium, i-Urarium kunye ne-thorium, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumandla enyukliya. Ukufumana i-rhodium ngale ndlela kunokusombulula ingxaki yebango eliphezulu kunye ne-quby engonelanga iveliswe emasimini. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ishishini lenyukliya elivelileyo kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-rhodium kwi-nuel ipetroli (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-400 G / T), ishishini le-Rhodium linokusonjululwa, kwaye ishishini lamandla enyukliya liya kuba ngumthengisi ophambili wensimbi kwi-7 Iimarike.
Isetyenziswa phi?
Umda weRhodium ngokubanzi. Isinyithi sifune kwiinkalo ezininzi zomzi-mveliso wekhemikhali kunye nokulungiswa, okusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zengozi, okwethutyana kunye nobucwebe.I-Catalyst
Kule ntsimbi, intsimbi isetyenziswa ekuphenduleni kweekhemikhali, eyona ixhaphakileyo yokufumana i-acetic acid utywala. Ikwasetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iifilitha-ukungathathi cala kwenzelwe ukusebenza kunye negesi ye-automotive. Kwaye i-rothodium-platinum ithathelwa ingqalelo eyona nto isebenzayo kwimveliso ye-HNo3 ngendlela ye-Ammo3 ngendlela ye-Ammonia Oxiation ngomoya kwaye kwezi ezinye iindlela azifumaneki.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-81% ye-catalysts ekhoyo inesiseko se-rhodium.
Izixhobo zokwakha
I-rhodium ibalulekile ekwenzeni kweglasi yezixhobo zekristali yolwelo, ukuvelisa ukuba kuthatha iPlatinam yayo. Ngokumalunga noku, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi kukhula ngokuthe ngcembe ngokuhambelana nokukhula kwemveliso yezigaba zanamhlanje. I-RhoDDs isetyenziswa ngokukuko ekwenzeni kwezibuko zobugcisa, indawo ebonakalayo kunye neminye imimandla yokubonakalisa eya kusebenza kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo kunye nokufakwa kwe-laser.
Akunakwenzeka ukuba ungayikhankazi iPlatinam-Rhodium ye-platium-i-rohodium idla ngokukhulisa amatye kunye neekristali ezinemiqathango ye-elektroniki kwiimeko zelebhu. . Ngokudibeneyo ne-Iridium ye-Iridium okanye iPlatinam ye-Platinam, ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweeThermocouples eziyimfuneko kwimilinganiselo yobushushu obufaneleyo (ngaphezulu kwama-2200 ° C). Akunakwenzeka ukuba ungaphawuli indima yentsimbi kwinkqubo ye-tubratric tubes kunye neeflethi ezisetyenziselwa iimvavanyo zeekhemikhali. Ngenxa yokuba i-rhodium ayisebenzi naziphi na izinto, kwizitya ezinjalo unokuthulula naluphi na uhlobo lweengoma.
Ubucwebe
I-rhodium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekwenzeni ubucwebe, yenza imisebenzi emibini ngaxeshanye - ukukhusela kunye nokuhombisa. Umzekelo, Isilivere egutyungelwe ngumkhenkce we-ficledium ufumana ukukhanya okunzulu, akuthambanga kwaye akupheleli emoyeni, Kwaye igolide yabazali ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu kwentsimbi (iiyunithi ezi-6. Phezulu. I-Moos) iba somelela ngakumbi kwaye inxibe-ungaphili. Ukongeza, intsimbi iyafuneka ukufumana igolide emhlophe, edume kakhulu phakathi kwabalandeli, kwaye i-ovasoad yayo ithatha inxaxheba ekudalweni kwegolide emnyama - umkhombandlela owaziwayo kwifashoni.
Kubanda, kodwa kwangaxeshanye i-rine enzulu kunye ne-rude irhabaxa idityaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo namaphyan, uZircon, iidayimani kwaye zifakwa kwiintsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Ukongeza, isinyithi sihlala sisetyenziswa njenge-ligature ekwenzeni iPlatinam kunye nemihombo yePalladium. Iimveliso ezigutyungelwe yi-rhodium yokutshiza azidingi ukucoca rhoqo kwaye zigcine ukhanye ixesha elide ixesha elide.
Ukongeza kumsebenzi wokuhlobisa, ukuhambelana nokunciphisa igolide emhlophe, ethi, ngokudibana rhoqo nolusu, kubangela ukuba ubomvu kwaye u-Itching. Umaleko wale ntsimbi uthintela iziphumo ezingathandekiyo zokuhombisa, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abaphethwe sisifo solusu. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nenani elikhulu lezinto ezilungileyo, kusekho ukuguqulwa kwe-rhodium kufuna uhlaziyo lwexesha, ubukho bayo bongeza kakhulu ixabiso lobucwebe.
Ukongeza kwimimandla yesicelo, i-rhodium isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweengqekembe. Ke, ngo-2009, kwakhutshwa iingqekembe zokuqala ze-rohodium e-rohodium kwi-USM Mint, engasetyenziswanga njengemali yokuhlawula, kwaye isebenze njengento yotyalo-mali. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwexesha elithile (ngo-2014), iBhanki kaZwelonke yaseRwanda yakhutshwa ekuzalweni kwengqekembe yokuqala enexabiso le-10 Rwandan Frans, eyaqala ukusetyenziswa njengearhente yentlawulo.
Elinye inqanaba lokusetyenziswa kwesi sinyithi elihleliweyo ngumzi mveliso wenyukliya. I-Rodium School isetyenziswa ngempumelelo njengoko i-neutron ihamba iimitha zokuhamba kwenyukliya.
Zeziphi izinto zerediyo eziqulathe?
Kwixesha laseSoviet, yayiluluvo lokuba izinto ezininzi zerediyo zenziwe nge-rhodium ecocekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, yayikude nokonakala, kwaye isinyithi sasisetyenziswa kuphela ukugubungela abafowunelwa beendidi. Ukwenzela ukwenziwa kwamalungu ngokwabo, bekungafanelekanga, njengoko kwakuqhekeka kwaye kwaphukile kakhulu. Kodwa njengesigqubuthelo, yayibalulekile, nto leyo ebangelwa kukunganyangeki kwengqondo elungileyo kunye nokucingisisa okuphezulu kwe-elektromagnetic rays. I-Rhodium Ceating yayinabafowunelwa (i-viron 55), i-RS 4569602, i-RS 4569605 kunye nePC 4569605.
Igolide igolide iya kuxela ividiyo elandelayo.