Bronze (iifoto ezingama-46): Yintoni? Ukuqulunqwa kwe-alloy kwipesenti kunye neepropathi, ialuminiyam kunye nezinye iintlobo zobhedu, ukusetyenziswa kwayo

Ubhedu Yenye yezona zinto zakudala ze-alloys, ezinembali ende nenezityebi. Le yenye yezona zinto zokuqala ezifunyenwe kwi-3 milletnia BC. NS. Indima yobhedu yaye namhlanje isebalulekile kwaye inzima. Kweli nqaku siza kusondela kuso kufutshane no-Afloy, siya kufunda kukabumbeko kwaye siya kuqonda ukuba ihlala isetyenziswa.

Yintoni?

Ngaphambi kokuqala incoko, apho ubhedu luhlala lusetyenziswa khona, kuyimfuneko ukufumanisa ukuba ithini. Ukuba kucacisiwe ukuba iqonde inkcazo kunye neempawu zezinto eziphantsi kokuqwalaselwa, kufanelekile ukuba ibalaselise inyani yokuba Ukuqulunqwa kwe-alloy kukho izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu njengobhedu kunye ne-tin. I-bronuze iqulethe kwaye Xuba ezinye izinto Kodwa kwipesenti ethobekileyo ngakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, ijika ithande kwaye I-Multicophon alloy . Yibhendi edlala indima yayo ephambili, nayo yonke enye into imelwe ngokubalwa kwezinto, ngaphandle kokungafuneki ukuphucula iipropathi kunye neempawu zensimbi.

UBronze ubonakala wahlukile. Iiparamitha zangaphandle zixhomekeka ekubeni zeziphi izinto ezilawulwa zibume. Ke, ngokwesiko elaziwayo alloy I-tint ebomvu Ibonisa ukuba inepesenti enkulu yobhedu. Kukwakho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezi zentsimbi ezinokubanda Imibala yentsimbi Vala i-White-Inkangeleko efanayo ibonisa ukuba akukho ngaphezulu kwe-35% yecandelo lobhedu kwi-allous.

Izibonelelo kunye nokungancedi

I-alloy ekwiphepha idumile iminyaka emininzi. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ukubaluleka kwayo akuphunyelwa, okubangelwa kukuseta kweenzuzo kuzo. Qwalasela ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zobhedu ezenziwa yimfuno.

1. Esi sinyithi sineqhayiya ngesityebi. Zininzi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobhedu, umzekelo, i-TIN, i-TIN, isilivere, i-aluminium kunye nezinye iintlobo zazo ezinefomula kunye neempawu zabo. Izinto ezinjalo ziluncedo kumasimi awahlukeneyo, zinezinto ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela iipropathi zomzimba kunye neempawu zomsebenzi wesinyithi.
2. I-Brozeds ekhoyo ye-bronze yahlulwe yaziintshukumo eziyintsingiselo zenziwayo kwaye ezisebenzayo. Oko kukuthi, ukusombulula "imisebenzi" yabo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane isinyithi esiya kuba lula ukunikezela kwi-Coulcy-Inkqubo yokuSebenza ngamaxabiso aqhelekileyo amaxabiso amaqondo obushushu aphambili. Kuya kuba nethuba elifanelekileyo lokufumana isabelo esinokwenzeka.
3. Inzuzo enzima kukuba ukuphoswa kwemigangatho ephezulu kwi-alloy ephantsi kwengqwalaselo kubonisa eyona ndawo ingabalulekanga-yi-0.5-1.5%. Le mpahla imisela ububanzi kunye nemfuno yezixhobo ezingapheleli kuzo kuphela, kodwa nakwimveliso yoomatshini kunye nezixhobo ezizodwa zezamashishini.
4. Ubhedu lubhekisa kwizixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa izihlandlo ezininzi. I-alloy ilula kakhulu inyamezelo ngokukhumbula ngakumbi ukuba kukho imfuneko kubo. Le nkqubo ayiyonakalisa le nto, ayinayo ifuthe elibi kwizikhundla zalo.
5. Esona sibonelelo sibalulekileyo sobhedu kukuba sikhuselekile kwaye sinobuhlobo bendalo. Ukuba izinto ezinokubakho zinokuba zibandakanyekile ekuvelisweni kwe-alloy enjalo, umzekelo, iBeryllium, emva koko imveliso egqityiweyo ayiyi kuba yityhefu koku. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ayizizo zonke izinto ezinokuqinisa ezo mpawu zibalulekileyo.
6. I-Bronzelfafy inomchasi ophakamileyo. Ayinakuchaphazela kakubi umoya wasimahla wegesi okanye amanzi olwandle. Phantsi kwesenzo sezinto ezinjalo zangaphandle, izinto ezibonakalayo aziwenzi, aziphulukani nomtsalane. Uninzi lwee-acids zobhedu "azoyiki" kwaye azikho ziphumo zimbi zabo. Kungenxa yoko le nto esi sixhobo sihlala sisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo ezizodwa ze-acid.
7. I-bronze inomnye umgangatho onomdla wokufuna ukwazi-yi-elastiki. I-alloy kwiimeko ezininzi isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweenxalenye ezithile zentwasahlobo, ezibalwa zobomi obude beenkonzo.

Ngaphandle koluhlu olunomtsalane lwezinto eziluncedo, isabelo seBronzer asisasebenzi Ukungancedi . Eyona iphambili inokubizwa ixabiso izinto ezisebenzayo. Ubhedu, kwaye nangakumbi tin - ezi zizixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi, kodwa ekufumaneni zize zixabise kakhulu.

Ezinye iiNkxaso-mali ye-Allow ethathelwa ingqalelo, umzekelo, i-aluminium version, zenziwa ngamaxesha onke, kuba zisenziwa zizinto ezisetyenziswayo, zisetyenziswa ngakumbi izinto eziphantsi.

I-mines ye-bronze in ngobangelwa yiyo kwaye ingeyiyo ephezulu ukuqhubela phambili kwe-thermal . Nangona kunjalo, into eyahlukileyo eyahlukileyo yakwazi ukufumana isicelo sayo-umzekelo, ekuvelisweni kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zegumbi lokuhlambela.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Iimpawu kunye neepropathi zolwabiwo lweBronze luxhomekeke kwizinto ezi-2 eziphambili-ubume kunye nolwakhiwo. Njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ukubekwa kwekhemikhali yento ephantsi kokuqwalaselwa kuqulunqwa ukuze i-alloy ifumane iipropathi ezithile zoomatshini kunye neempawu zokusebenza. Ezona zibalulekileyo kuzo zinokubizwa ubunzima, amandla kunye neplastiki . I-Correqunded kwaye iphinde yakha iiparamitha zokuqala ezi-2 zinokwenzeka ngenxa yotshintsho kumyinge we-tin kwi-tin. Ke, isabelo sayo kwisiqu esiphambili sezinto ezihambelana nenqanaba ubunzima kwaye Iplasitim.

Kwintsebenzo yobunzima kunye namandla e-bronzen enefuthe elikhulu Inani leBeryllium ekwenzelweni . Iimpawu ezithile ze-Alloy ekubonelelwe ngayo into ebizwa ngokuba yinto enomelele ngakumbi kunentsimbi engenasiseko. Ukongeza iplasitiki, iBeryllium Wallow ilayishe inyathelo eliqaqambileyo. Kwangelo xesha, hayi amaxabiso amanani eentlobo zezinto ezizisiweyo, kunye nenqanaba lokuqina kweepropathi ezicwangcisiweyo ukuba zifunyenwe ekugqibeleni zidlalwa.

Oko kukuthi, ngenani elilinganayo lezinto ezi-2 ezahlukeneyo, omnye wabo uyakwazi ukutshintsha iipropathi kunye neempawu ze-alloy ukuya kwinqanaba elikhulu kunesosibini.

Ubume be-Bronzel Allove bunoxanduva lokufumana indawo yokuhlala malunga nezinto ezahlukeneyo. Eli nqaku linokuthathwa njengeenkcukacha ezithe kratya kumzekelo obalulekileyo - itin. Umzekelo, isakhiwo esi-1 esingena-6-8% yento ebizwayo. Ukuba igqitha izikhombisi zenani lomda womhlaba womhlaba (ufikelela kwi-15%), isigaba sesibini sesicombululo esinokusekwa.

Isigaba esinye Izinto ezingafunekiyo zibonakaliswa ziiplasitiki eziphezulu. Isigaba sesibini I-bronzelloy ye-bronze iguqukele ingqongqo ngakumbi, kodwa ngaxeshanye kunye nokuqhekeka ngakumbi. Ezi ngcaciso zichaphazela ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziqwalaselweyo: Ke, uhlobo lokuqala lwezinto eziluhlaza zilungele ngakumbi ukufota, kwaye iindlela zokukhetha ezimbini ziya kuba sesona sisombululo sihle sokuphosa okungaphezulu.

Indidi nganye ye-Bronzeze ineempawu zayo ezahlukeneyo. Siza kuqhelanisa nabo kumzekelo wokubumba i-tin.

1. Inqanaba lokuxinana kwe-alloy lixhomekeke kwipesenti ye-tin - isabelo sayo se-8-4%, siya kuba se-8.6 ukuya kwi-9.1 kg / cube / cube. i-CM.
2. Indawo yokunyibilika iya kuxhomekeka ekufumaneni i-alloy kwaye inokusukela ukusuka kwi-880-1060 i-degrees celsius.
3. Inqanaba lokuqhutywa kwe-thermal yento ephantsi kwento ephantsi kwe-0.098-0.2 eCAR / CM, eyisalathiso esithobekileyo.
4. Ukuqhubela phambili kombane kufikelela kwi-0.087-0.176 M. Esi salathisi sincinci.
5. Inqanaba lokuqaqamba kobunzulu phantsi kwamanzi olwandle yi-0.04 mm / unyaka. Ukuba i-alloty ikwimo yomoya evulekileyo, ke eli xabi liza kwahlukile kwaye liya kuba yi-0.002 mm / unyaka.

Ukuba isinyithi sineempawu ezifanayo, abasebenzisi akufuneki bakhathazeke malunga nokuba kuyakuqala ukuthini ukutshixiza ngokukhawuleza.

Uphengululo lwezinto eziphilayo

I-Bronzewo-Afloty yahlulwe yaziindidi ezahlukeneyo. Ukwahlulahlula kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwenzeka kwiimpawu eziphambili. Makhe sihlale kubo ngamnye wabo.

Ngokuqulunqwa kwemichiza

Ngokusekwe ngokuthe ngqo kubume bemichiza yebhedi, ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zahlulahlula.

• Tin . Njengenxalenye yezinto ezisisiseko zale nkxaso-mali, kukho i-3.5-7% ye-tin. I-alloy iqhayisa ngamandla aphezulu, ukuthembeka kunye nokuqina emva kokuqhubela phambili kwengcinezelo yangaphambili. Izixhobo zineempawu ezakhiweyo ezibalaseleyo. I-Shrinkage inokufikelela kwi-1% (njengakwimeko yentsimbi).

Eyona nto igwenxa kwezi zixhobo zifihliwe ekubonakalisweni kwemicroscopic poess ecaleni kwekristali yokuphosa.

• Kumnandi . Eli nqanaba libandakanya iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-alloys, ekubunjweni kwamachiza apho kungekho tin. Endaweni yoko, kubandakanya izixhobo ezifikelelekayo nezingabizi kakhulu.

• I-aluminium . Izinto eziphezulu zeplastiki. Iipropathi zayo ezihlaziyiweyo ziphantsi kune-tin ethandekayo, kodwa akukho zidungu. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-Nickel, iindawo ze-phosphorus kunye nentsimbi, eziphucula iipropathi zealuminium alloy.

• Isilicon . Iintshukumo eziphezulu eziphezulu zezinto ezinganyangekiyo zixhathise ukubonakala kwengqondo zinemimoya. Izinto ezibonakalayo azikoyiki amaqondo obushushu aphantsi okanye aphezulu, ialkaline ephakathi. Ukuze isinyithi sibe nempawu ephakamileyo yamandla, ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali kwabelwe i-manganese kwaye inyangwe yingxaki ebandayo.

• I-Beryl Alloy ivunyelwe ukuba ilungiswe i-thermal kusetyenziswa ukuqina nokwaluphala . Eyona nto igwenxa yeli ntlobo inokuthathwa njengendleko eziphezulu zeBerryllium.

Ngenxa yoku, iBronzen Bronzey isetyenziselwa kuphela ukuveliswa kweendawo ezikhethekileyo, ekufuneka zihluthile ukunqanda okuphezulu kunye nokuqina.

Ekuqhubekeni

I-Bronzelze izabelo zahlulwe ngokusekwe kwiindidi zokulungisa.

• Ilahlekile . Kwimveliso yenxalenye eyenziwe ngobhedu, itekhnoloji enjalo ethandwayo isetyenziswa njengokutsala, ukucheba, ukusika, ukugaya.

• Ukutshata . Imbono eyahlukileyo ngolwabiwo lweBronze. Iinkcukacha eziqukethele le ntsimbi zenziwa yintsimbi.

Ngemo

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezabelo zeBronze zahlulwe ngokwesakhiwo sabo. Yabela ezi zinto zilandelayo.

• Isigaba esinye . Izinto ezikwintsimbi enjalo kwisisombululo esomeleleyo zenziwa isigaba esinye kuphela.
• I-biphase . Iimveliso zifunyenwe ngokuphosa, kuba zibuthathaka phantsi kwempembelelo yezalathisi eziphezulu. Ukusuka kwisabelo kwisigaba sesibini kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane izindululo zeyona minxeba inzima kwaye imbi.

Umgangatho wokusetyenziswa kunye nokumakisha

Okwangoku kukho ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo I-bronzerand brand. Bahluke komnye komnye nomnye ngokwasemthethweni, ochaza iimpawu, iiparamitha kunye nobungakanani be-alloy. Ukuhambahamba ngokulula, inkqubo yelebheli ekhethekileyo sele iphuhlisiwe, ebandakanya oonobumba kunye nabalinganiswa be-alfabhethi kunye nedijithali (bonisa amaxabiso okuqala kumagama eekhemikhali).

Amanani akwiimpawu zibonisa inani lamacandelo anikezwe kwi-alloy (kwipesenti). Kuyinyani, isixa sobhedu asisibonakaliswanga kwezi ntetho.

Esi salathisi senzelwa ukubala njengomahluko phakathi kokuqulunqwa kwebhere kunye nenani lezinto ezongezelelweyo.

Okwangoku, ulwabiwo lweBronze lwenziwa kwiindawo ezininzi. Qhelana noluhlu lwabo.

1. I-Alloty apho kukho i-2% kuphela i-tin igqibelele ekuthatheni ubushushu obuqhelekileyo, kuba iphawuleka ngeplasitiki elungileyo. Iingoma apho uxinzelelo lweli nqanaba lifikelela kwi-15%, lalisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumaxesha amandulo-zenza izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.
2. Umgangatho ophezulu we-Wightle, kumxholo apho kukho iBerryllium, ihlala isetyenziswa ekwenzeni iinxalenye zentwasahlobo, imithombo okanye i-membrane.
3. Izinto ezityebileyo kwi-aluminium zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezimbi (imveliso yemichiza, umswakama ophezulu).
4. I-AFTYS ngesiliven kunye ne-zinc drig kwaye zilungele ukuveliswa kwezinto ngokuphosa.
5. Izinto eziphantsi kokuqwalaselwa zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kobunjineli bombane obahlukileyo, kuba ayingozibuko.
6. Ukusuka kwinto engafaniyo kwimshini yokuqhwasela, iibhafu, izixhobo zokuhlambela, izixhobo zokuhlamba, ezihlala zisetyenziswa ekhaya (hayi kuphela) iimeko zenziwe.
7. I-Bronzel ye-Bronzey inokusetyenziswa kwi-Automotive okanye inqwelomoya.

Ungahlula njani ekhaya?

Ubhedu lunomahluko ohlukileyo ovela kwezinye izinyithi ezifanayo. Akukho nto inzima kubugcisa be "zokubala" zale nto. Siza kuhlalutya indlela ekulula ngayo kwaye lula ukwahlula ubhedu ekhaya.

• Ubhedu lwahlukile kumanye amandla amaninzi aphezulu kunye ne-rigidity. Ke, isinyithi kulula ukwahlulahlula ubhedu okanye ngobhedu. Kwanele ukujonga ngokoqobo izinto "emazinyweni" - kumphezulu wendlela ye-bronzerey engasekelwanga, njengakwimeko yokucinezela.

• Ukuvavanywa kwesisombululo setyuwa kunokwenziwa (i-200 g ngelitha ye-1 yamanzi). Imveliso yobhedu emva kwemizuzu eli-10 ukuya kweli-15 iya kufumana umthunzi osisityebi kakhulu kwaye sibambe umthunzi, kunokuba neenkcukacha zobhedu.

• I-Cihlo ishushu ngokufudumeza nge-600 degrees Celsius (Eli qondo lobushushu linokufumaneka kusetyenziswa i-rurner ekhethekileyo). Ukuba uzisa isixhobo, umzekelo, ukuba ubhedu, ifilimu emnyama evela kwi-zusi oxide iya kuvela kwinto leyo. Kwimveliso yobhedu, ayiyi kubonakala.

• Ukuba ufudumele ubhedu, uya kugoba. Ukuba kukho utyana nxamnye nobhedu, ayitshintshi iipropathi zayo kunye neefom. Ukuba kukho ithuba kunye nesampulu yentsimbi, ungazama ukuyinyibilikisa. Ubhedu olufanayo luya kutshisa ngedangatye elimhlophe, "iZinc frons ejikeleze ngale ndlela.

• Ukufumana ubhedu olusuka kobhedu lunokwahluka ngendlela ethembekileyo. : Beka iitshipsi ezimbalwa zentsimbi ibe ziitanki ezahlukileyo, kwaye emva koko uthulule i-dilute witric acid apho (i-1 yenxalenye ye-acid kunye ne-1 yamanzi). Jonga kancinci, ngelixa uninzi lwamacandelo lunexesha lokunyibilikisa. Okulandelayo, kufuneka ufudumele amadoda amadoda kwaye uza nezisombululo kwimeko yokubilisa. Imizuzu engama-30 kufuneka ibabambe kubushushu obuphantsi. Ulwelo apho kukho iqhekeza lobhedu luya kubonakala ngokucacileyo, kwaye i-Specip-White Speciate eyenziwe nge-tin ye-tips ene-chips yobhedu.

Ungakhathalela njani?

Iimveliso ezenziwe ngolwabiwo lweBronzele zifuna ukhathalelo olufanelekileyo. I-negane akufuneki ihoywa. Qwalasela ngakumbi indlela yokukhathalela izinto ezifanayo.

1. Iimveliso zobukumkani obubhetele zibukeka zilungile kwaye zinomtsalane kuphela xa zihlanjululwe kakuhle, zikhule kakuhle. Kufuneka isuswe rhoqo kumphezulu wezinto zonke eziqokelelekileyo kunye nongcoliseko. Ukwenza oku, kungcono ukusebenzisa iragi etyhafileyo. Ngawo onke amandla, akukho mfuneko yokuba uchithe iimveliso - lumka.
2. Ukuze ufumane i-lacquer yokuqala ukubamba iimveliso zobhedu okoko kunokwenzeka, kunokwenzeka ukuba uzihlambe ngesisombululo esibuthathaka sesopha. Ezi zenzo ziya kufuneka ukuze uqhekeke okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-varnish ye-varnish ayiveli.
3. Ukuba ungumthandi omkhulu wezinto ohlebileyo ngaphambi kokuba kukhanye, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kucoceke ubhedu usebenzisa iipowder kunye neerejista. Idumo elihle kakhulu, umzekelo, icocekile ekhethekileyo ngobhedu "uTrilon".
4. Emva kokugqiba umsebenzi wokucoca obunzulu beemveliso zebhere, umphezulu wentsimbi unqweneleka ukuba uPoland kakuhle. Indwangu ebalaseleyo ye-Woolen inokuhlangabezana nalo msebenzi.
5. Ngamanye amaxesha ukucoca ubhedu kusetyenziswa i-powder yamazinyo, idutyulwe kwangaphambili emanzini kunye nokongezwa kwe-ammonia utywala. Sifuna umgubo wekomityi e-1, itispuni enye yotywala. Kucetyiswa ukusebenzisa ibrashi enzima yokucoca.
6. Indlela yakudala neyendabuko yokuhlanjululwa kwe-bronze lukhetho: ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi apho izityalo ze-legume zingaphambili. Emva koko, ukucoca kukwenziwa kusetyenziswa ibrashi engqongqo. Emva koko, imveliso ecocekileyo evela kwisinyithi kufuneka iphinde icoceke kwaye isule ilaphu elomileyo ngelaphu elomileyo.

Ukuba ukucoca ubhedu kucwangciselwe ukusebenzisa i-rag, kungcono ukuthatha I-Flannel Inketho. Ngokukodwa ngenyameko kwaye ngenene kufuneka ngokucocekileyo ukucoca iindawo ezinezimo ezinqeni kunye nokwenza nzulu, kuba kulapha eluthulini kunye nodaka lwenza ezona zimbi.

Ukucoca iimveliso kufuneka zenziwe rhoqo ukuze iqaqobana elongezelelekileyo aliqokeleli.

Malunga nobhedu oluyinto esetyenziswayo, jonga ividiyo elandelayo.