Umuntu wese vuba cyangwa nyuma ahura nukuri guhitamo umwuga ukwiye. Inzobere zifite inshingano z'umutekano no kugarura inzibutso z'umuco zitwa kugarura.
Amafaranga yihariye
Abantu nkabo bagaragaye mumyaka yo hagati. Nyuma yigihe, abahanga mu karere bafatwaga batangiye gukomeza kubungabunga isura yambere yibintu byumuco.
Dukurikije ibisobanuro bigezweho byumwuga, ibikorwa nyamukuru bya kugarura ni kubungabunga, nyuma yubuhanzi buzagarurwa. Umuntu wasobanuye umwuga agomba gushobora gusukura ibice, chip no kwangirika kubundi bwoko.
Kugirango ukomeze ikintu muburyo bwumwimerere, uburyo butandukanye bukoreshwa, harimo no kuvura imiti birakorwa, urwego rwubushyuhe rwingirakamaro mucyumba bigenwa, aho ingingo yubuhanzi ibitswe, hatoranijwe umurongo witonze. Mbere yo gutangira akazi, kugarura bwa mbere bitanga ubugenzuzi bwisomo, isuzuma rya leta, rigena ibintu bigoye byangiritse nibikoresho bagomba gukora. Ku bitugu by'inzobere Hariho inshingano zikomeye, kubera ko agomba gukorana n'ibitabo bishaje, amashusho agereranya akamaro gakomeye. Rimwe na rimwe, ugomba gukorera hamwe n'abahanga mu by'amateka, bazana ku bacukuzi n'abacukuzi.
Kugarura imirongo yububiko ni umunyamwuga uzigama kandi agarura ibintu bifite agaciro gakomeye cyangwa amateka. Inzobere nk'uyu yeguriwe akazi kayo, irakitondera kandi yitondera kubera kubungabunga ibintu byerekana agaciro mu buhanzi, umuco n'amateka na maswa na amateka. Kugarura ingwate bigomba gutunga ubumenyi bwayo byombi (inyigisho zubuhanzi bugaragara, amateka yumuco na tekinoloji, chimie, biologiya) nubuhanga bufatika bwa tekiniki.
Uruhare rwayo ni ugusuzuma imiterere yibintu, shakisha ingamba no gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwa siyansi bwo gukomeza kuba inyangamugayo, kubuza kurimbuka ikintu no kugarura. Kugira ngo akazi kawe keza, inzobere yujuje amateka n'inzira yo gukora ikintu cyubuhanzi. Bigereranya kandi impamvu zishoboka zo kwangirika kwa leta, harimo:
- ruswa kubera urumuri, urwego rudakwiye yubushyuhe cyangwa ubushuhe;
- Kohereza;
- parasite;
- guhumanya ikirere.
Kugarura bigomba gukosora inenge zagaragaye mugihe runaka. Kurugero, kuzuza amarangi ku ishusho, kugarura inkono ya mozaic cyangwa ceramic, kura ibice byijimye. Inzobere igomba kwandika uburyo nuburyo bukoreshwa kandi ikareba neza ko inzira yo kugarura yoroshye kandi ihinduka. Nyuma yibyo, umugabane ugomba gutanga ibyifuzo byingirakamaro kugirango habeho ingamba zizaza kugirango wirinde ko hashobora kubaho kubora umurimo wubuhanzi.
Rimwe na rimwe, nibyiza gukora kopi yikintu hanyuma ubishyireho, ntabwo ari umwimerere kuko bisaba kurema imiterere yihariye.
Kugarura bifite ubusobanuro bwinshi, ntabwo ari ibidukikije gusa. Hariho icyerekezo gikurikira:
- Inzu ndangamurage;
- inyubako;
- Umucunguzi.
Inzobere mu nzu ndangamurage ntabwo ari yo nyirabayazana wo kugarura ibintu by'ubuhanzi, ahubwo ni ugukiza mu nzu ndangamurage. Aba ni abantu bategekwa guhora bagenzura imirimo yubuhanzi kandi bakabuza kurimbuka kwabo. Mu cyerekezo kirimo gusuzuma, amashami menshi:
- amarangi;
- Databuja.
- Kugarura Intwaro;
- Inzobere mu bitabo;
- Icool Inzobere.
Umugezi wubwubatsi ushinzwe gusana n'umutekano wibintu byubatswe. Igomba gukuraho ibice n'amakosa akenshi bitera gusenyuka kw'inyubako. Koresha mugihe cyo gukora gusa ibyo bintu bihuye nibihe bisuzumwa birashoboka. Kugarura-avoka mubisanzwe ntabwo agarura ibintu gusa, ahubwo anashongeza ibintu byatakaye. Kubwamahirwe, akazi nkibyo burigihe biganisha ku kugabanuka kagaciro k'ikintu.
Ibyiza numwuga
Umwanya wa Retal utuma bishoboka gukorana nindangagaciro zamateka. Kugarura gusana mu Burusiya biterwa ninzibutso nini z'umuco nibikorwa byubuhanzi. Umwihariko usuzumwa uha umuntu amahirwe yo gutanga umusanzu mu murage no gucukumbura umurage ndangamuco. Burigihe ninshingano nini nibikorwa bishimishije bihinduka imbere yinzobere.
Niba umuntu afite uburambe bwagutse, azahora ajyanwa kumurimo mwiza mubitabo cyangwa inzu ndangamurage. Birashoboka guteza imbere umwuga wawe no gukora muburyo butandukanye. Ariko, abarota binjiza guhanga, uyu mwuga ntuzakora, kuko bagomba kwirengagiza ibitekerezo byabo bagatanga ibyifuzo byamateka.
Kenshi cyane, abahagarariye umwuga bagomba gukemura mugukemura imirimo igoye, kubera ko byoroshye kurushaho gukora ibintu byibanze. Intsinzi nziza igera gusa kubo bayoboye bahorana imbere ubuhanga nubuhanga.
Tekinike iyo ari yo yose yo gusana nigikorwa kitoroshye gisaba umuntu ntabwo witonze gusa, ahubwo ni impano.
Ni iki gifite inshingano?
Ukurikije icyerekezo, cyatoranijwe na Databuja wo gusana, inshingano ze zizaba zitandukanye. Kugarura-umuhanzi arimo gukora ku gishushanyo, igarura ibice byatakaye bya barangi, nka accon. Kugarura-umutako bikora imitako ishaje nkibishya. Ntabwo asimbuye ibintu byatakaye gusa, ahubwo yanasukuye icyuma.
Inzobere mu byubatsi ishinzwe kubungabunga inzibutso yubwubatsi. Hariho kandi uhagarariye umwuga usezeranye gusa kubikorwa bivuye mu biti, abandi bakora kuri Stucco, abandi bakunda gushushanya. Buri wese mu bahanga basobanuye afite ubuhanga bwarwo. Uyu mwuga, umuntu wese ntashobora kumenya. Kubikorwa byiza, birakenewe kugira imico ikurikira:
- kwihangana no kwihangana;
- Kwita n'ubushobozi bwo kwibanda;
- kubaha ibintu byubuhanzi;
- Icyifuzo cyo gukora n'amaboko yawe.
Mubindi bintu, inshingano zumwuga wasobanuwe zirimo:
- Gukurikirana, gutondekanya no gufotora imirasire yumuco;
- Kugarura ibintu byangiritse kuri leta yabo ya mbere;
- Gushiraho ibisabwa bikwiye kugirango tubungabunge ibigo bitoroshye;
- Kumenya ingaruka zo kwangirika kwa Leta ninzego;
- Gufasha abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze, inzego z'ibidukikije n'abandi bakiriya ku bijyanye n'ingamba z'umurage ndangaramuco;
- Raporo itunganijwe, ikubiyemo ibisobanuro ahari, ingano, imiterere n'imiterere yikintu, kimwe no gukusanya gahunda hamwe nibigereranyo bisabwa kugirango ugarure ikintu;
- Gutegura imurikagurisha no kwerekana;
- Kurema kopi yibitekerezo byoroshye;
- Inyandiko yimikorere nuburyo bikoreshwa mukubungabunga no gusana;
- Gukora Igenzura ku bijyanye no gutunganya no gutwara imirage yumuco;
- gukurikiza amahame yimyitwarire yumwuga nibanga;
- Menya amategeko yumutungo wubwenge;
- kubahiriza amategeko agenga uburinzi n'umutekano;
- Koza ububiko bwo gukora ubushakashatsi.
Nashobora nte?
Birashoboka kuba umugereka muburyo butandukanye. Nk'uburyo, intore yinzobere mu gusana ikintu kimwe cyihariye. Kugirango ubone umwihariko, ugomba gufata ibintu bitandukanye mugihe ukwemera, harimo amateka, chimie.
Gutabakwaho hispos ni iy'uburezi bwuzuye bwamateka.
Nyuma y'icyemezo cy'abapfumu cyarakozwe, arashobora kubona imyitozo yo hejuru. Kwimenyereza bibera mungoro ndangamurage na galeries, aho byigishijwe gukoresha neza uburyo bwize mu nyigisho. Mugihe umuhanga mukindi atazakira imizigo ikenewe yubumenyi kandi ntazakora, ntabwo yemerewe gukora.
Amwe muri kaminuza nziza z'Uburusiya zitegura abahanga mu by'inzobere zabaye:
- Spbs;
- RGU yise Koshigina;
- Kaminuza ya Leta y'Uburasirazuba.
Ukurikije icyerekezo, igihe cyo kwiga kiva kuva kumyaka 2 kugeza kuri 6. Witondere buri gihe usaba atera ikizamini cyinyongera cyo guhanga. Bamwe mu banyeshuri nyuma yamasomo yagendaga ajya mwishuri kugirango amenye byinshi. Ahari inzira ikunze kuba inzobere nziza nukwigira kuri shobuja w'inararibonye. Abantu bakora mu mwuga bamaze igihe kinini, ni abarimu b'inararibonye. Rimwe na rimwe, amahugurwa yinyongera afata imyaka.
Ubuhanga bwabonetse mu ishuri ryinjijwe birashobora kuba ingirakamaro mugihe bagarura amazu ashaje, atari mugihe cyo kubaka ibishya gusa. Gahunda zo kubungabunga ibintu byubuhanzi nubundi buryo bwo kuba inzobere yo gusana. Abanyeshuri bamenya bike kubijyanye nubuhanga butandukanye bukoreshwa mubikorwa, hanyuma uhitemo agace k'umwihariko.
Izi porogaramu zisaba abanyeshuri, kuboneka kwaburambe murwego rwubuhanzi, chimie rero ntabwo ikwiriye abatangiye.
Kugira ngo akazi kawe, umunyeshuri agomba gusuzuma amateka yikintu ateganya gukoresha igihe cye. Kurugero, kugarura ibikoresho bigomba kumenya inkuru nuburyo bwibihe bitandukanye kugirango byubake neza cyangwa gusana ikintu icyo aricyo cyose. Bika amoko yumwimerere ni ngombwa cyane.
Umuntu arashobora kwihitiramo kugarura intebe muburyo bwa Xviii cyangwa gushushanya namavuta. Aka gace gafunganye cyane. Amahugurwa buri gihe biterwa n'ahantu yahisemo: Ubuhanzi bwatoranijwe, Ubucukumbuzi n'Ububiko, ariko rimwe na rimwe ugomba kwiga ubukorikori. Ibi bireba kugarura imiterere yicyuma, imyenda, ibirahure byanduye Windows, ibishusho, ibikoresho.
AKAZI
Abasore barangije basanzwe batangira ibikorwa byabo mungoro ndangamurage kandi ubwoko bwose. Aha ni ahantu heza ho kwiyongera, kongera isohoka. Ubwa mbere, umukozi atanga uburenganzira bwo gukora bwigenga, arashobora kugenzura abandi bakozi. Ndetse na reseré bufite amahirwe yo gukura. Ku cyiciro cyo hejuru, aba umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi cyangwa inzu ndangamurage.
Inzobere nyinshi zikiri bato guhitamo akazi mumiryango yubucuruzi. Umwigisha mwiza ahora asabwa mububiko bwa kera cyangwa butike yamateka. Mugihe ubushobozi bwuburyo nabwo buri kurutonde rwimico myiza, noneho urashobora gukingura neza ubucuruzi bwawe. Abantu nkabo bagura ibintu byubuhanzi, babishyira mubikorwa, hanyuma bagurishwa.
Umushahara
Abantu bamwe batekereza ko imyanya ya Reder idashobora kubona byinshi, ariko ibi ntabwo aribyo rwose, kubera ko umushahara uzaterwa nubunararibonye nubuhanga bwinzobere. Birakwiye kandi kwizirika mu gihugu cyangwa n'umujyi ugomba kubona akazi. Niba hari urwego ruciriritse kubahagarariye uyu mwuga kandi ntirugera ku bihumbi 30, ntabwo ari ngombwa kubara inyungu nini.
Kurugero, inzobere muri Moscou zakira amafaranga ibihumbi 100, mugihe ugereranije nimishahara yigihugu kumuntu wishora mu gusana ni amafaranga 45,000. Ba shebuja bakiri bato badafite uburambe badatanga amafaranga ndangamurage 25.000, mumashyirahamwe yubucuruzi aya mafaranga arashobora kuba hejuru, ariko gato.
Niba ugiye mubikorwa byigenga, birashoboka kongera amafaranga winjiza amafaranga 50.000, kandi rimwe na rimwe.
Bamwe babona amafaranga akomeye, ariko iki nikibazo cyubutware bwa shebuja. Hariho kandi bidasanzwe cyane. Shakisha inzobere mukarere ntabwo byoroshye, muburyo bwurwego rwinjiza buri gihe ari hejuru.