Nubwo ikinyejana cya 20 cyabaye ikinyejana cyo gushyiraho umutwe w'abagore, wabonye umubare munini wa politiki, haracyari imyuga y'uburenganzira bwa politiki, haracyari imyuga y'uburenganzira ku bagore muri iki gihe. Ibibujijwe mubice byumwuga akenshi bifitanye isano nakazi gakomeye.
Kuki hari ibibujijwe?
Mu mico yose yo ku isi, habaho kugabanya imibonano mpuzabitsina gakondo, bituma kurinda umugore ukora muri sosiyete imikorere yimyororokere yabantu, uhereye mubihe bikomeye mugihe bikora ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe. Mu kinyejana cya 20, igihe abagore bo mu bihugu bitandukanye bageze kunganiza ibipimo by'uburenganzira bwabo bwa politiki n'abagabo, habaho ibibujijwe gukorana nakazi gakomeye.
Bans yagaragaye muri epoch yo mu nganda mu Burayi, ubwo umusaruro wabaye urwanira mu nganda uteye imbere mu mijyi. Ibigo byakunze gufata ku mirimo y'abantu, kuko bitarakomeye ku mubiri, ahubwo byari bifite abagore barenze kure mu burezi kandi imbere y'ubuhanga bwihariye bw'ubukorikori. Abagore benshi gakondo bagize umuryango ntabwo bafite ubumenyi bukwiye bwumurimo kandi bahatiwe gukora akazi gahembwa make. Mu mpera za 19 - mu kinyejana cya 20, ingendo zubugingo mu Burayi rwashyigikiraga ubwishyu bwumugore no gushyiraho imikorere myiza kubagore.
Ku cyiciro cyo gukora inganda mu musaruro mwinshi w'inganda winyuma, intangiriro y'ibinyejana bya 20 habaye akazi gakomeye kanini:
- mu birombe;
- muri metallurgie
- mu nganda z'ubucukuzi no gukora;
- mu maduka ya blanjemith;
- munganda.
Gukenera inganda za capitaliste mumaboko ihendutse yatumye banyiri imigezi bagiye gukurura imbaraga z'abagore bataje umukiranutsi. Muri icyo gihe, imirimo y'abagore yishyuwe munsi y'umugabo, iyo ikora ibikorwa bimwe. Abanyaburayi na Amerika Bugorombwa batangiye kurwanira kugereranya ku gahato no kubaha uburenganzira bwa politiki Ibyo byakwemerera gutora mugihe cyamatora, ariko nanone kwigisha no kumenya imyuga y'abagabo bishyuye byinshi.
Mu kinyejana cya 20, Feminists yashenye abagabo uburenganzira bwo gukorana nabo ku masezerano angana, ariko nubwo abagore batsinze babangamira uburenganzira bwabo bw'uburinganire, kandi mu kinyejana cya 21 imberayi yagumye aho babujijwe Kora kubwimpamvu zifatika zijyanye nibiranga physiologiya yabagore na anatomiya. Kimwe mu bihugu bya mbere aho abagore banganyaga n'abagabo bafata akazi, babaye insss. Mu 1918, ingingo zidasanzwe mu gitabo cy'umurimo zatangijwe mu gitabo cy'Abasoviyeti, cyerekanaga imyuga itemerera imirimo y'abagore kubera ubuzima bw'ibihe.
Muri icyo gihe, itegeko nshinga zose z'Abasoviyeti niryo tegeko riri ku burenganzira bungana bw'abagabo n'abagore rwemejwe. Ubuhanzi. Itegekonshinga rya 19 rya Federasiyo y'Uburusiya ryerekana ko abagabo n'abagore bafite uburenganzira bungana kugira ngo bashyirweho, kandi mu gitabo cy'amashyirahamwe y'uburusiya hari ingingo zerekeye kurinda umurimo, harimo n'umugore. Bashyizwe ku rutonde n'imyuga ibujijwe gukoresha imirimo y'abagore.
Abashinga amategeko no kurengera umurimo mu Burusiya bayoborwa nuko umugore abuza gukora munganda nyinshi, barabitaho, mbere na mbere yo kubungabunga amahirwe yo kuba nyina mu gihe kizaza.
Ninde udashobora gukora mu Burusiya?
Muri usssr, urutonde rwihariye rwumunyu abagore badashobora gukorerwa no kurengera umurimo mu 1932. Mu 1972, aryamye ibyangombwa by'ibanze by'amategeko agenga umurimo muri USSR. Mu 1978, urutonde rwaguwe ku myuga 431, zamenyekanye ku mugaragaro nk'abagore. Uru rutonde kandi nyuma yo gusenyuka kwa usssr ntibyakomeje mubyukuri. Urutonde rw'u myuga y'abagore muri Federasiyo y'Uburusiya yongerewe kuri Usssr, nshya, bityo yongereye kumyanya 456 za 2000.
Muri guverinoma y'Abasoviyeti, ingamba zo guhagarika imirimo y'abagore mu nganda zitari nke mu Nama y'Abaminisitiri wa Ussr na Banki Nkuru, zishyize ku rutonde ingamba zigamije gukora ku bagore bakora mu nganda zitandukanye. Ku rutonde rw'umwuga, wamenyekanye ko ari akaga ku bagore mu 2000, bigabanyijemo amatsinda 38, harimo umwanya utandukanye n'ubwoko bw'imiryango mu buhinzi, muri gari ya moshi, mu inyanja, umusaruro w'imiti n'umubare Ibindi bice byubukungu bwigihugu.
Vuba aha, Minisiteri y'umurimo w'Uburusiya yavuguruye urutonde rwubu, ikureho imyuga myinshi, uyumunsi ntikibaho, kandi ikuraho kubuza akazi kubagore badafite ubuhanga bwinshi:
- umushoferi wo gutwara gari ya moshi;
- umushoferi w'ikamyo;
- Kapiteni w'inyanja cyangwa uruzi, n'ibindi.
Abahagarariye Minisiteri y'umurimo w'Uburusiya yerekana ko gukuraho ibibujijwe ku myuga runaka byashobokaga kubera iterambere rya tekiniki kubera iterambere rya tekiniki, Automation na Robotisation y'inzoka n'inganda. Noneho abagore bazashobora gukora muri iyo myuga bitewe nuko imiterere yakazi yateye imbere cyane, kubera izo zagabanije zibangamiye ubuzima bwabakobwa.
Urutonde rushya ruzatangira gukurikizwa guhera ku ya 1 Mutarama 2021. Muri yo, imyuga yangiza igabanijwemo imirenge. Muri rusange, umugore wo mu Burusiya kandi muri iki gihe arabujijwe gukora ku musaruro umwe mu ngengo y'inganda:
- imiti;
- ubucukuzi;
- Metallurgical;
- gukora ibyuma;
- Iyo ucukura amariba;
- Mu musaruro wa peteroli na gaze;
- muri metallar na metallaus;
- Mu gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki na radio;
- mu nganda zindege;
- mu kubaka ubwato;
- Ku musaruro wa selile;
- Mu nganda za sima no gukora iterambere;
- mu nganda zo gucapa.
Buri tsinda ryatanze urutonde rwihariye abagore badashobora gukora kubera akazi gakomeye. Umwuga wafashwe kuri urwo rutonde, rutakibaho kubera kuvugurura umusaruro w'inganda zitandukanye.
Imyuga idaharanira inyungu mu bihugu bitandukanye
Imyaka 70 yo kubaho kwa USSR yakoze ibihugu byinshi by'amahanga isuzuma umutekano n'imikorere y'abakozi badashobora gukora. Dukurikije imibare igezweho, nubwo ibikorwa bikozwe byingendo byisi mu isi ya none, mu bihugu 104 harimo guhagarika imyuga n'umurimo w'ubwoko runaka ku bagore. Muri icyo gihe, ibibujijwe gushya ntibicika hamwe niterambere ryiterambere rya tekiniki, ariko ryongeraho gusa.Muri 2016, abahanga ba banki kwisi batanga amakuru ukurikije ibihugu birenga 150, mu mategeko byibuze amategeko amwe ahari, agaruha uburenganzira bwumugore gukora akazi. Kubuzwa no kubuza bidafitanye isano gusa n'imigenzo y'idini n'imico, ahubwo binafite umusaruro wangiza, abagore badashobora gukora.
Mu Bushinwa
Muri PRC nko kubuza imirimo iremereye kubagore sibyo. Babujijwe gusa kwiga umubare winganda nubundi budasanzwe:
- Ubuhanga bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro;
- gukorana no kugendana;
- Akazi katurika hamwe nabandi.
Ndashimira ibi, abagore babanje kubona abashobora kuba bashobora kuba abashobora kuba muri iyo nzego z'ubukungu, aho akazi gafitanye isano n'akaga katoroshye.
Gusa itegeko ryabujijwe nibikorwa ni akazi mu birombe aho abagore b'Abashinwa badashobora kubona akazi hakurikijwe amategeko akurikizwa.
Muri Pakisitani
Muri iki gihugu, aho abagore benshi bagishora mu mirimo ihembwa make, kubuzwa imirimo y'abakozi nabyo birimo kwita ku buzima bw'abakobwa. Rero, amategeko ya Pakisitani ahagarika isuku y'abagore gukaraba hasi n'ibikoresho mu mahugurwa mu masaha y'akazi, iyo imashini n'imashini zikoreshwa. Gusukura birashobora gukorwa gusa nimugoroba cyangwa nijoro ibikoresho byahagaritswe.Muri Madagasikari
Muri iki gihugu, kijyanye n'umwe mu bakennye, nanone hari ibibujijwe kubikorwa byinshi kubagore. Barabujijwe rero gukora mukigo cyishora mu gukora amashanyarazi nijoro. Birabujijwe kandi kugira uruhare mubikorwa bijyanye no gutegura, gutondeka no kugurisha ibicuruzwa byubwoko butandukanye. Birashoboka ko biterwa nuko kashe y'ibitabo byinshi muri iki gihugu ikorwa n'ikoranabuhanga rishaje, ritanga gukoresha iyambere.
Muri argentina
Muri iki gihugu, Ikilatini Amerika ifite umubare wabujijwe ku bagore mu myuga ijyanye n'impagarara nyinshi. Ntibashobora gukora mu myuga ikurikira:- abanyamafayisite kuri gari ya moshi;
- Abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro;
- mu kazi keza;
- Mu musaruro, ahari umurimo ufite ibintu byaka n'ibyuma bishobora kugakona;
- Mu kuntu inzoga;
- mu nganda z'ikirahure;
- mu nzige z'umusaruro aho ibintu by'ubumara bihari;
- umutwaro;
- Gutwara ibikoresho bishyushye.
Muburyo bwinshi, urutonde nkurwo rubujijwe rugaragaza imiterere yinganda zubukungu bwa Argentine, aho habaye umubare munini w'inganda zangiza no kuvugurura igihe kirekire.
Mu Bufaransa
Muri iki gihugu cy'ibihugu by'Uburayi, abagore barabujijwe gukora mu budasanzwe bujyanye no guterura ibiro. Amategeko arengera umurimo abuza gukoresha abakoresha ku kazi kijyanye no guterura ibicuruzwa hejuru ya kg 25 intoki kandi zirenga kg. Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu Bufaransa, abagore ntibakora n'abaposita, abatwara ubutumwa cyangwa abatwara. Muri iki gihugu, bifatwa nk'igihugu cyo kugenda k'umuryango, umugore bigoye kubona akazi mu kigero cy'umugabo gusa. Noneho, iyo ufashe akazi, umurimyi, umushoferi cyangwa umuyoboro wa mutogo, umugore wanze 22% kenshi kuruta umugabo.
Muri rusange, birashobora kugaragara ko kubuza umwuga bihujwe, ikiruta byose, hamwe na physiogisi. Abagore muri kamere ntibashobora gukora imirimo myinshi iremereye ijyanye no guterura ibiro. Bans kandi uhangayikishijwe n'imibereho igira ingaruka mbi ku bihe bizaza muri gahunda y'imyororokere y'ibinyabuzima by'abagore kandi bishobora gutera ubugumba.
Guseswa kw'ibibujijwe ku myuga nyinshi ku bagore, byasobanuwe mu kuzamura imiterere y'akazi, byibuze ibyago ku buzima bw'abagore.
