Abantu bitoroshye bafite amahirwe menshi mubuzima bwiza. Ikibazo kivuka: "Kubera iki?" Kuberako umuntu udashaka asimbuka cyane. Akenshi ntabona ibintu byingenzi kandi bikenewe, muri rusange ariho ubuzima bwacu. Nta kintu gitangaje. Umuntu wese ushaka ikikije, buri gihe azi cyane kandi azi uko. Kandi ibi bivuze ko umuntu nkuwo atitiranya mubihe bigoye kandi ashobora kubivamo bikwiye.
Kuki ubikeneye?
Ijambo "kwitonda" riva mu ijambo "kwitonda". Imiterere yanyuma yijambo nkuburyo bwose guhitamo imyumvire kubintu runaka kumakuru ayo ari yo yose. Kwitonda ni ugudindiza ibikorwa byawe hanyuma utangire buhoro buhoro amakuru. Iri jambo rirwanya amagambo yihuta cyangwa kunyura. Niba umuntu asuzumishije yitonze ikibazo kikikikiki, aratinda, kubera ko ubwenge bwe bwibanze kuri iki kibazo gusa.
Kugira ngo ube umuntu wakusanyije ushobora kwerekana kwibanda mugihe ukora cyangwa ushobora kwigaragaza mubikorwa byamahugurwa, ugomba guteza imbere witonze.
Byongeye kandi, iki kintu kizafasha:
- Ntukarangwe n'amatahuzi;
- Witondere inzira nziza niba ukeneye gukora amahitamo yose;
- Shakisha amakuru menshi ashoboka;
- Koresha amakuru yifuzwa mugihe agomba kubyara muburyo bwo kwibuka;
- Komeza gutuza niba ibintu byimihangayiko biza;
- reka kurakara kubera ikintu kidakenewe kandi kirenze;
- umva cyangwa urebe icyo abandi batazumva kandi ntibazabona;
- Ihangane;
- Wige kwitondera abantu hirya no hino;
- yiga kuvugana muburyo bwiza hamwe nabantu;
- umva akamaro kawe;
- Kuba no kwishima.
Witondere: Umuntu witonda, nk'amategeko, azi kurusha abandi. Ni umuntu utekereza, kubera ko ibikorwa bye bihora bisesengura aya cyangwa ayo makuru. Kubwibyo, abantu bahora bashimisha umuntu nkuwo bakabibona. Kandi ibi bivuze ko uyu muntu yumva ubwigenge n'akamaro.
Ibyiciro byingirakamaro byo kwitonda
Muri psychology bizera ko inzira zose zibera mubitekerezo byabantu zifite akamaro gake kandi gakomeye. Kwitabira kandi bifite urwego rwarwo. Urwego rwo hasi ntirwitayeho (ako kanya), kandi urwego rwo hejuru ni kwibanda kubitabishaka. Umutego wa psychologue L. S. Vygotsky yizeraga ko iterambere ryibanda rifitanye isano itaziguye niterambere ryibikorwa byimyitwarire. Kwitondera biratera imbere ukurikije gahunda nk'iyi: Kuva mu buryo bukomeye, ni ukuvuga, ibikorwa by'inzibacyuho birakomeje kwitabwaho kubushake.
Muri icyo gihe, kwitabwaho birahinduka mu byerekezo bitandukanye. Byose biterwa nigikorwa cyatoranijwe (kwiga, ubumenyi bwumwuga, nibindi). Duhereye ku magambo amwe dushobora gufata umwanzuro: kwitabwaho birashobora gutezwa imbere mubisanzwe.
Umuntu agomba no kwigisha ibitekerezo bye abizi. Kugira ngo ukore ibi, arashobora kumenyekanisha ibikorwa nkibi bizamufasha kugutezimbere no guteza imbere urwego rwubwenge.
Hariho iterambere ritaziguye kandi rishyizwemo. Ibi bintu byombi bifite ibintu bisanzwe kandi bitandukanye. Muri iki kibazo, ibintu byose byasobanuwe gusa. Ubwitonzi busanzwe butera imbere nkubwonko bwubwonko bwumuntu. Hariho urugwiro rwubunararibonye, ubumenyi nubuhanga. Ubu bwoko bwibikorwa byubwenge ni inzira ndende cyane, bityo bifatwa nkimpanuka. Iyo ibitekerezo bitera imbere muburyo budasanzwe (bwihuse), iyi nzira ntabwo ihagaze neza, kubera ko ari ngombwa gushimangira ubumenyi bwungutse. Ibikorwa byihuse byiterambere bikorwa ukoresheje imyitozo itandukanye.
Kugirango inzira yo guteza imbere ubwenge, umuntu akeneye umwanya muto. Ariko, imyitozo yose hamwe namasomo yihariye bigomba gushimangirwa nubunararibonye bwubuzima. Iyo ibyo bintu byombi bitangiye gukorera hamwe, noneho ishyirwa mubikorwa ryibitekerezo bizaba umwuga watsinze. Ni ngombwa gusuzuma ko inzira yo guteza imbere ibitekerezo, harimo umwana muto, ntibishoboka gukora nta buhanga bw'abandi kandi nta bushobozi bwiza bwo mu mutwe.
Icyitonderwa: Inzobere zatangiye kwiga inzira yiterambere ugereranije. Mbere, abahanga benshi bari bizeye ko abana batagomba kwitabwaho. Kandi mu kinyejana cya 20 gusa, iterambere rya mbere ryerekeye kwitondera abana ndetse n'abantu bakuru. Umusanzu mwiza mugutezimbere inzira yavuzwe haruguru yakozwe numutego uzwi cyane l. Vygotsky, umaze guteza imbere ingamba zo guteza imbere ibitekerezo rusange, byatangiye kwiga ikibazo cyavuzwe haruguru.
Byaragaragaye ko inzira yo gutsimbataza uburyo budasanzwe mubana itangira kugenda neza ari uko umwana atangiye kwishora mubikorwa byubwenge nuburezi. Cyane cyane inzira nkiyi iratera imbere mugihe umwana yagiye mwishuri akagenda mumasomo mubintu bitandukanye.
Ni mu kigero cy'ishuri ko abana bashinzwe kandi ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ibikorwa byabo.
Mugihe cyimyaka 10, inzira yo kwibanda itera amarangamutima-atabogamye, kandi ibona imico myiza. Kandi mumyaka 12-14 mubana batangira igihe cyinzibacyuho (kuvugurura umubiri), bigabanya ibiranga bititondera. Bitewe nigihe cyinzibacyuho, umwana aje umunaniro wihuse mugushyira mubikorwa ibikorwa byubwenge. Ibi byose biterwa no kugabanya ubuyobozi bugari. Mugihe cyo kurangiza imyaka yingimbi, ibintu byose bizubakwa. L. S. Vygotsky yahisemo igihe cyihutirwa cyo gukosora kwitondera:
- Icyiciro cya 1 nugutegeka ubwenge bwumwana kubantu bakuru;
- Icyiciro cya 2 ni ugushinga umwana nkisomo, ubu arashobora gukurura abantu bakuru kubyo akeneye;
- Icyiciro cya 3 gisobanura uburyo bwo gucunga imyumvire n'imyitwarire umwana yemejwe n'abakuze;
- Icyiciro cya 4 bisobanura imicungire yumwana abitayeho.
Iyo umuntu agenzura umutungo wose wimbere ukwemerera gucunga ibitekerezo, hanyuma ukura.
Nigute Wongere ibitekerezo?
Birazwi ko umuntu yihariye ubwoko bwingenzi bwibanze butubahiriza kandi bubishaka. Niba kubitsa ubwoko bwa mbere bwo kwitabwaho kuva kuvuka, dukeneye guteza imbere cyane. Suzuma iki kibazo birambuye.Uko bishakiye
Kuzamura kwayo bifitanye isano itaziguye no kumenya ko umuntu agomba kwiga no gukora. Kugira ngo akore ibi, akeneye gushyiramo ubwoko runaka bwibikorwa bye. Kurugero, Iyo abakiri bato bakiri bato babaye abagize itsinda, burigihe bagerageza kugera ku ntsinzi no guhagarara imbere ya bagenzi babo. Ibikorwa nkibi bigamije guteza imbere byihuse. Ni ngombwa kuzirikana ko ibitekerezo bidasanzwe ari ubwenge. Muri icyo gihe, uburyo bwose bwo kwigisha bugana ku iterambere ryayo no guteza imbere ubwenge.
Ni ngombwa cyane ko umwana amenya iki gikorwa kandi asobanukirwa ko inyigisho ari umurimo usabwa kugirango umuntu yiteze imico iyo ari yo yose. Kubwibyo, akeneye guha amahirwe umwana kugirango yumve intego yanyuma yuburere bwe kugirango ashobore kugiti cye kugiti cye.
Noneho, umwana mugihe imyiga ikwiye kugira inyungu, kandi kugirango atazimira, akeneye kumenya inyungu z'ingaruka za nyuma. Kurugero, umunyeshuri agomba kumva ko imyitozo ye yishuri izagira uruhare muri kaminuza nkuru, nyuma ashobora kubona akazi gahembwa menshi.
Wibuke: Gukora ibitekerezo bidashoboka, abantu bakuru (abarimu n'ababyeyi) bagomba gukora gahunda kandi bihoraho. Uburezi bushingiye gusa ku gukurura utabishaka ntibizatanga ingaruka nziza wifuza. Ntabwo izahabwa kandi ingaruka zifuzwa hamwe nuburyo bwuburere, bwateguwe gusa kugirango ikurure uko abishoboye. Muri iki gihe, umwana arambiwe kwiga.
Niyo mpamvu amahugurwa na gahunda yo kwigisha bigomba kubakwa ku iterambere ryubwoko bworoshye.
Kubushake
Uburezi kwitabwaho batabishaka ishingiye ku bushobozi bwo kwibanda ku makuru atandukanye, gereranya ibintu, n'ibindi Kuva nkiri muto, abavyeyi bategerezwa kumenyesha umwana wabo isi no hino ku isi, ni ukuvuga kwiga bitabira variability Bya Ibintu na biba ko bibaho hirya no hino. Noneho inzira yo kwiga izarushaho kuba nziza. Umwana azerekana amarangamutima, kandi ibitekerezo bitabishaka bizatangira kwiteza imbere vuba.
Kubwibyo, imyitozo yo guhugura igomba kuba nziza kandi igaragara. Kurugero, kwerekana ubwiza bwa kamere, mwarimu agomba gukurura iyi shusho, yaremewe kubahanzi muri rusange. Kugaragaza ibintu bisanzwe, urashobora gukoresha ibintu bitandukanye bishimishije hamwe nakazi keza.
Kandi wibuke ko ari mumyaka yo kwiga amashusho afite ibisobanuro bidasanzwe kandi byingenzi. Ariko, ubu bwoko bw'amahugurwa burasaba kubahiriza ibintu byinshi. Kurugero, ugomba kubanza gushyira umurimo runaka ukagikemura, hanyuma ugagereranya hanyuma ugereranye kandi umenye ubundi buryo bwo gukemura umurimo umwe. Buhoro buhoro, abana baziga kubona ayo makuru asaba kwitabwaho. Muri ubwo buryo, ni bwo buryo bazashobora kumenya ibintu by'ingenzi kandi by'ingenzi bikubiye muri icyo kibazo.
Kurugero, ibikoresho byasabwe kwiga bigomba kuba byiza cyane muburyo bwayo kandi bukize muburyo bubirimo. Rero, azashobora guteza inyungu no gukangura ibiganiro mumutwe. Gusa noneho abanyeshuri batekereza gukemura ikibazo. Uruhare runini mugutezimbere ubwenge rigira urwego rusanzwe rwumuco, kuko arirwo rugira uruhare mugutezimbere ibitekerezo bitabishaka.
Imyitozo ikora neza na tekiniki
Kugirango wongere ubwenge, ugomba kongera ubumenyi. Ibi bisaba imyitozo. Ubumva bujyana no kwitonda. Iyo ibyo bintu bibiri byahinduwe neza, ubushobozi bwo mumutwe buzatera imbere. Niba ushobora kwigana ubumenyi, urashobora kwibanda byoroshye kwitondera ikintu cyingenzi kandi bikenewe kuri wewe. Byongeye kandi, urashobora kongera kwibuka no guteza imbere ingeso zizagufasha gukora nubwo ibintu bimeze. Wibuke ko gukoresha uburyo bwongera ubumenyi bishobora gufasha gukora neza.
Hariho tekiniki zitandukanye zigira uruhare mubikorwa byombi. Kubokwa kukwemerera kwibanda ku nyungu bityo bigateza imbere mubikorwa byose byo mumutwe. Kugira ngo abana batarushye, kandi inyungu zabo zo kwiga ntizishira, ni ngombwa gutegura igitero kimubiri mugihe cyisomo. Ikintu gito kirega kizatanga ingaruka nkizo zizagereranywa nimyitozo yubwenge. Imyitozo ngororangingo "isazi" isaba ikibaho gifite umurima washushanyije (3x3) ku ihame rya Ninotylets. Ugomba kandi kugura igice cya plastikine (bizakora nk'isazi). Umwarimu ashyikiriza amategeko: iburyo cyangwa ibumoso, hepfo cyangwa hejuru. Abanyeshuri bose bakurikiranye neza urujya n'uruza rw'ikintu bagagerageza kubibuza kuva mu murima. Niba "isazi" irenze umurima, isubira hagati yinama yubuyobozi, kandi umukino wongeye gutangira.
Reba ubundi buhanga bwiza. Uburyo bwo kwibanda ku guhumeka kwabo ntibizafasha kuruhuka gusa, ahubwo bihindura urwego rwibitekerezo kubintu runaka. Kugirango ukore ubu buryo, ugomba kwicara ku ntebe ugakurikiza guhumeka kwawe. Mugihe umaze kumenya gukora iki gikorwa, ubwenge bwawe butangira kurangazwa nibikorwa bidasanzwe. Kurugero, urahita wibuka kubyerekeye ifunguro rya sasita cyangwa kubyerekeye amasahani adacitse intege. Niba hari igihangange cyasobanuwe nigitekerezo nyamukuru, uzakenera gusubira kumwanya wambere hanyuma ukomeze gukurikirana umwuka wawe.
Ongera ubushobozi bwo kwitabwaho mumatsinda bizafasha imyitozo ikurikira. Kugira ngo usohoze, abitabiriye amahugurwa bose bahinduka muruziga. Hagati hagaragara. Umunyamakuru atanga ikipe: "Igitondo kira kare!", Nyuma abakinnyi batangiye kwishora mu ntoki n'amaguru kubushake. Bukwi na bukwi, ayobora amanza agira ati: "Gupima byose!" (Birafuzwa ko ijwi rituje). Uwo mukinnyi utumvise kandi ntiyasohoje ikipe, "afata" asa. Uwatsinzwe ahinduka, kandi ibyambere bigaragara bihinduka muruziga rusanzwe. Umukino ufasha gukora witonze no kwitegereza.
Ni kangahe amahugurwa akeneye?
Kuzamura ibitekerezo bya buri muntu. Abana muriki gikorwa bagomba gufasha abantu bakuru. Reka umwuga ube umwe mubyerekezo byingenzi mugutezimbere. Rero, saba imyitozo yawe buri gihe kandi ahantu hose. Kurugero, ujyana numwana munzira ijya mububiko cyangwa muri parike. Saba umwana wawe kwitondera ibintu bikikije: ibiti, imipaka, uruzitiro, inyubako. Reka umwana wawe wige gufata mu mutwe utuntu hose: ibara, ibigize, ubwinshi, ubuziranenge. Kurugero, wabonye uruzitiro rufatika rwicyatsi cyangwa wanyuze mububiko, inkuta zacyo zari zikora rwose.
Baza ibibazo by'Umwana: "Uruzitiro rwari rugufi?" Cyangwa "Niki wabonye ku rukuta rw'abo rw'amaduka?" n'ibindi Ibibazo nkibi bizatanga imbaraga, kandi imitekerereze izakora imbaraga zuzuye. Wibuke: Imyitozo idasanzwe yiyongera cyane yitonze, ariko iyo ikozwe mu buryo butaziguye, ingaruka zongerewe gusa. Nyamuneka menya ko mugihe cyo kuryama, ubwonko bwumuntu burigihe buhuza amakuru yakiriye mbere.
Kubwibyo, kwitabwaho neza bigomba gukurikizwa na mbere yo kuryama. Kina numwana wawe mumikino nkuyu. Mureke arushe amaso, kandi muri iki gihe uhishe ikintu icyo aricyo cyose. Umwana amaze gufungura amaso, agomba kumenya ikintu cyabuze.
Muri videwo ikurikira, uzabona imyitozo ishimishije kugirango iterambere ryibanze mugihe ukorana namakuru.