Ikiyiko (Amafoto 36): ingano muri ML. Asa n'iki kandi ni iki gitandukanye n'icyayi? Gupima uburemere bwibicuruzwa byinshi, ingano nubushobozi bwa aluminium hamwe nibiyiko bya stain

Uwa mbere avuga ikiyiko nk'ikintu cyo kurya kiboneka mu nyandiko za kera zandikishijwe intoki, zikaba zirenze imyaka ibihumbi bitatu. Mu Burayi, iki gikoresho cyose kizwi cyo kurya byo kunywa cyazanywe mu rugendo mu Bwongereza Kyaza Vladimir Vsevolodovich monomakh mu 998 rw'igihe cyacu. Mu rwego rwo kongera umuco kurwego rwu Burayi, Abahinzi hamwe n'abagore bo mu Burusiya bageragejwe mu iterabwoba ryo gukubita ibyokurya bya mbere kumeza, na porokeri, inyama ntabwo ari amaboko, ahubwo ni ugufashwa gusa (ibiyiko, icyuma cyangwa fork).

Amafaranga yihariye

Buri wese muri twe afata ikiyiko, yicaye kumeza byibuze inshuro 3 kumunsi, atatekereje inkomoko yibi "ibikoresho byakazi byo kurya ibiryo kumeza." Ibi bikoresho bisanzwe byo mu gikoni mumyaka igihumbi byinjiye mubwenge bwacu. Noneho rero, benshi, bagize urutonde rwibintu byurugendo rwimikino rwinshi, byerekanaga mbere yikiyiko.

Kubura igikoresho cyo gusangira mu mufuka wigikapu, cyavumbuwe no kuhagera ku kazu, mu ihema ku nkombe z'umugezi cyangwa ku kiyaga, ku ya yacht mu nyanja ifunguye bitera kwibuka ya Robinson Cruzo ku kirwa cyo mu butayu. Ibi bitera ibintu bikomeye bya psychologiya bitewe nuburyo bufatika bwo kurya ugutwi, isupu yinyama cyangwa isupu ya paa, mugs, ikirahure kiboneka mubihuru byubucuruzi bwa rusty nibindi bikoresho.

Abahanga mu by'amateka, abahanga mu by'imihanga n'abacukuzi b'ivya kera batanga ibisobanuro bikurikira kuri iki gikoresho cyoroshye cyo kurya: "Ikiyiko ni gito gikubiye mu masoko (induru) ifite ikiganza kijyanye nacyo cyangwa ikiganza."

Mu ijambo risobanura v. I. Daly, tablespoon isobanurwa ngo "intwaro yo ku mugati, ku mazi y'ibiryo."

Umubare munini wijimye cyangwa amazi (arenga garama 500) kugirango utekereze kumurongo cyangwa murugo kubuntu kubuntu biroroshye cyane: Hariho umunzani wa dektop cyangwa elegitoronike.

Biragoye cyane gupima neza umubare muto (kugeza kuri garama 50) igice kinini cyangwa ibicuruzwa byamazi. Ukurikije guhuza ibiyigize, bikubiye muri resept, kugirango upime ubwinshi cyangwa ibiryo n'amazi akomeye (amavuta, vinegere, sirupe) Ukurikije resept, abateka murugo bakoresha uburemere bwumukunzi nigipimo cyubwoko butandukanye bwibicuruzwa:

1. Ibicuruzwa bikomeye (amavuta, margarine, ibice) - Gupima igice cyaciwe umunzani;
2. Ibicuruzwa byinshi (umunyu, isukari cyangwa ibindi bintu) - Igikoresho (ingano yibintu hagati yikirango cyiburyo), ikirahure, gupima, ibiryo cyangwa ikiyiko;
3. Ibicuruzwa byamazi (Syrup, Brine) - Ikirahure cyumwanya, litiro irashobora, icyumba cyo kuriramo cyangwa ikiyiko cyatonyanga.

Abatetsi babigize umwuga bakoresha icyumba cyo kuriramo, desert na teaspoon mugihe bateka resept, nkumukobwa wumukobwa kugirango bapime ingano n'ibiryo byamazi, hamwe numunzani wa elegitoroniki.

Abanyarwandakazi, abatetsi babigize umwuga nabatetsi, ibyo hamwe n'amaboko yabo buri gihe bategura ibiryo kandi bakazigama ibihumyo, mubero, mezi mu gikoni cyo gupima ubwinshi cyangwa ibikoresho by'amazi (Umunyu Umucanga, Vinegere ya Vinegere, amavuta yizuba cyangwa imyelayo, ibirungo nibindi byinshi) ukurikije ibya resept.

Ubwoko butandukanye bwibitonyanga mubihugu byu Burayi kubasamba. Hamwe nicyumba kinini - icyumba cyo kuriramo, mugihe cyibirori, desert na teaspon birakoreshwa. Baremewe kandi kurya dessert, nyakubahwa, jelly, umufa, inyama n'amasasu.

Ubwoko

Usibye ikintu kimenyerewe kuva mu bwana, ikiyiko gisanzwe cyakozwe mu ibyuma cyangwa alloy mnc (Melkior, Nickel, Zinc), abantu bose barya ibiryo bikomeye, bicaye kumeza, Mu mateka y'ibinyejana byinshi byabantu, ubwoko bwinshi bwibi bikoresho bya kera byahimbwe kandi bigakorwa kubindi bikorwa byubufasha:

1. icyumba cyo kuriramo - kumasahani yambere na kabiri;
2. Isupu - ikozwe mubyuma bitagira ingano 18/10 Icyuma, gifite imiterere yumuzingi nigikoresho gifite uburebure bwa santimetero 18 kugirango urinde urutoki mugihe unywa isupu ishyushye;
3. Icyayi - hamwe n'ikibanza gikurwaho cyo guteka icyayi;
4. Umuziki - gukuramo amajwi mubikoresho bya vintage;
5. igice - kuri ice cream mubikombe bya waferi;
6. Umurongo - ufite ikiganza kirekire cyo guteka cocktail;
7. Ikawa - ku gipimo cy'ikawa karemano;
8. Gushushanya - byangiritse-bitwikiriwe n'icyitegererezo cyangwa imitako;
9. Gucira amacandwe kuri sandwich itukura kandi yumukara;
10. Ifeza y'ifeza;
11. Gupfuka zahabu, bitwikiriwe na zahabu nini;
12. Yo gutegura imyelayo yatowe kandi saline kugirango ibiryo cyangwa cocktail;
13. Kureka kurya bitetse no kurwara amagi yinkoko;
14. Ibipimo - kubikoresho byibikoresho mugihe utegura ibintu bitekanye;
15. Yagaragaye - muburyo bw'icyuma hamwe n'amenyo yiboneye kubera gukata no kugaburira kumeza ya cake, nyakubahwa no gudding;
16. Gutegura cocktail ya alcool yubwoko bwa Absinthe;
17. SOUVENIR, yuzuyeho ibice, ifite icyitegererezo cyangwa imitako (kuko amafunguro adakoreshwa).

Ubwoko buzwi cyane bwa "Imbunda" ya kera ya kera, yahimbwe numuntu munzira y'ubwihindurize, ifatwa nki matsinda menshi y'ibicuruzwa.

Kuva mu biryo Aluminium (nta gihe cyanyuma cya Mercury na Molybdenum hydroxide)

Nikolai Gavrilovich Cherthershevsky, impinduramatwara izwi cyane na filozofiya, kubona ikiyiko cy'ubuhanuzi ku bwa mbere, yavuze ko ejo hazaza heza hagenewe iyi char.

Banyakubahwa no gukandamizwa muri gereza abantu bose b'inzirakarengane bari mu mukandara w'amazi mu mazi akonje, batoragura kandi amabuye y'agaciro aluminiyumu (bauxite). Kuva Bauxite mu itanura rya electrolysis, alumunum ihendutse, aho ibiceri byoroheje by'imashini n'ubutaka bikozwe, ndetse n'ibiyita ibiyi n'amamiriyoni by'abasoviyeli, bikabije byagaburiwe Ibikoresho bya sovieti bihendutse. Dukurikije imibare y'ibarurishamibare, miliyoni 10 za Aluminium hamwe n'amafarasi menshi ya aluminium yatanzwe mu 1937.

Kureba: Abantu miliyoni 4,137 babaga mu mujyi wa Moscou guhera ku ya 1 Mutarama 1939.

Ibyuma

Ikoranabuhanga rihinduranya rya ogisijeni rishonga ibyuma bivuye mu ibyuma byagabanije cyane igiciro cyibicuruzwa byicyuma. Amacomeka alumini hamwe no kugoreka mu kajagari ko ku nkombe z'amenyo muri 70 yo mu kinyejana gishize muri Cantiens yasimbuye ibyuma bikabohoza ibyuma bikaba ku ntoki.

Kubirwanya kwangwa na ruswa nubutaka (abahagarariye ubwenge bwakazi nabahinzi, bicaye mucyumba cyo kuriramo, bikinjira mumacupa yikirahuri hamwe nindirimbo yibirahure hamwe na intebe, Kuva hari ibiyiko hamwe na fork, umubare muto wa Melchior, Nikel na Zinc. Ku rutoki rurerure rw'ibiyiko, ibyuma n'ibiryo biva kuri "byateye imbere", byashobokaga gutekereza ku gupfobya oblong hamwe n'inyuguti nto "mt".

Plastiki

Muburyo nubunini bwa kopi steel spoon. Bikozwe muri plastike-irwanya ubushyuhe hiyongereyeho ibice bya bagiteri muri plastiki. Ntushobora gukoresha kubicuruzwa bishyushye nibinyobwa (icyayi, ikawa, isupu, isupu, ugutwi, archo, azum). Ikoreshwa muri resitora, cafe, Bistro nizindi muvuduko wibiryo byihuse nkisahani imwe.

Byashobokaga

Ikiyiko kinini gikozwe kuri stoel cyangwa ishyushye-irwanya ubushyuhe buri munsi ikoresha buri munsi murugo. Ukurikije isuku, iki gikoresho kigomba kuba gifite ibintu byinshi:

1. Ntukibone na acide kama;
2. Gira ingufu nyinshi.
3. Kugira ngo uhangane n'ubushyuhe bwo kubyimba, icyayi cyangwa ikawa no gutunganya mu koza ibikoresho;
4. Kurwanya ingaruka za aside ya kano kameli, ibikoresho bya alkali, ibikoresho byubucuruzi;
5. Nta gukwirakwiza ibintu byangiza (fenol, toluene, bezene) mugihe uhamagaye ibikomoka ku biryo.

Ikiyiko cyongeye gukoreshwa nacyo kigomba no kugira ikiguzi gito.

Byashoboka

Ifite igishushanyo mbonera cyoroshye, gikozwe muri the the thermoplastique. Igiciro gito ntabwo gitanga cyo gutunganya isuku mu koza ibikoresho no kongera gukoreshwa. Ikiyiko kimwe ntigishobora gukoreshwa ikawa cyangwa icyayi.

Ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru (hafi 100 ° C), thermoplastique irashobora kurekurwa ahantu h'uburozi bushyushye bwa Fonol na Acetaldehyde.

Ubushobozi

Ubushobozi bwikiyiko (bitandukanye nikirahure) bigenwa nigihugu cyakorewe. Ikiyiko cy'icyitegererezo cyo kuriramo cyo mu Burayi (Gramu 20) kirimo ML (mililitiro) (umubare w'amazi mu kiyiko), garama 30 z'umunyu w'igikoni nto, garama, hafi Garama 12 z'umusemburo wumye.

Amakuru yingenzi: Ikibaho cya Kanada cyangwa Amerika kirimo garama 15 yumunyu. Ikiyiko cya Grame 20 cyakozwe muri Australiya kirimo garama 20 z'umunyu "inyongera".

Ibipimo bikenewe byibicuruzwa hamwe numero yabo muri buri resept yerekanwa muri garama cyangwa murwego rwibiyiko. Guteka byo mu rugo biroroshye gukoresha ikirahuri cya Gram cyangwa ikiyiko cya GRAM cyangwa ikibaya giteganijwe ko ikiyiko na divayi kiri hafi, bitandukanye ninzabibu ya elegitoroniki hamwe nitsinda rito.

Ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze, "guteka murugo" gukoresha ingano yibicuruzwa byinshi mubiyiko 1 hanyuma upime umubare ukenewe hamwe na hejuru cyangwa udafite vertex. Gukuramo kumeza kugirango ubwoko bwibicuruzwa buke butangwa hepfo. Umubare werekana uburemere bwibicuruzwa muri gamma mu kimenyetso kimwe nta juru, mu buryarya - hejuru.

Imbaga y'ibicuruzwa mu kiyiko kimwe:

1. Ifu y'ingano zo mu cyiciro cya mbere - 20/30 g;
2. Isukari sand of the € icyiciro cya mbere - 20/25 g;
3. Isukari isukari - 22/28 g;
4. Umunyu "Inyongera" (nto) - 22/28 g;
5. Umunyu w'amabuye - 25/30 g;
6. Ibiryo Soda (sodium bicarbonate) - 22/28 g;
7. Umuceri usenya - 15/18 g;
8. Ikawa Indimu - 15/20 G;
9. Ubuki amazi - 25/30 g;
10. Granular gelatin - 15/10 g;
11. Umusemburo wumye - 8/11 g;
12. Ifu ya COCOA - 20/25 G;
13. Inyundo Cinnamon - 15/20 G;
14. acide ya citric (Crystalline) - 12/16 G;
15. Amazi y'isoko - 18 G;
16. Vinegere 9% - 16 G;
17. Amata yose - 18 G;
18. Amavuta yo kumbo - 16 G;
19. Margarine yazimye - 15

Itandukaniro riva mubindi bwoko bwibiyiko

Ibibi bigezweho byo gufata ibiryo byashowe kuva MNC ALYY (Nezilber - Umuringa-Ninc-Zinc Allay). Ubunini bw'ibicuruzwa bya feza biva muri MTC ni microne 24. Ibihimbano:

1. Ni (nikel) - 15%;
2. Zn (zinc) - 20%;
3. CU (umuringa) - kugeza 100%.

Uhereye ku bundi bwoko (icyayi, desert, ibiyiko binini na bito) imiterere ya kera irangwa nintangarugero nubushobozi. Inzira ya epirical (inararibonye) yabonetse ihuriweho n'icyayi, icyumba cyo kuriramo hamwe n'ikiyiko cya dessert kuva MNC Ab'a Alloy kumazi meza yaka:

1. ikirahuri cyoroheje 200 ml - 16 ibiyiko (mu kiyiko 1 12.5 ml y'amazi);
2. Ikirahure cya mugitondo cya ml - 20 dessert 20 (muri 1 desert ikiyi spoon 10 y'amazi);
3. Igikombe cyoroheje 200 ml ni teaspoons 40 (muri teaspoon 1 ml y'amazi).

Kubindi bicuruzwa byamazi (amavuta yimboga, amavuta yimbuto, vinegere, sirupe isukari), bitewe nubucucike bwamazi muri mililitiro (ml) birashobora gutandukana cyane kuva hejuru.

Ubushobozi bwikiyiko cya aluminimu ni 192 mm burebure ni ml 10 y'amazi (25% munsi yibyuma), uburemere bwa kiyizo ni garama 32.

Nk'uko amahame y'isuku, ifeza 875 ° ingero na alloys yacyo (melkior) irashobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibiryo n'ibicuruzwa bitabahirize ibiryo bivuye muri Amalgam zinc, Nikel cyangwa Zahabu. Sterling Cutlery 925 ° (Ifeza ya tekiniki) ni itegeko riryozwa rya zahabu, Chromium, Nickel cyangwa Zinc yo gukumira imbogamizi mu kirere no gushiraho ibintu bifatika hamwe na aside, birimo Ibicuruzwa.

Ububiko no Kwitaho

Kugirango wirinde kwicwa (okiside) yubuso bwibiyiko, ibyuma hamwe na fork kuva kuri silver cyangwa melchior Amategeko yoroshye akurikira agomba gukurikizwa:

1. Kwiyegurika n'amasahani kuva kumena ifeza cyangwa ITrt kubika neza hamwe na veleti mu rwego rwo kurinda ifeza;
2. Muri buri gasanduku hamwe no kwikinisha, shyira ipaki ya Silica Gel kugirango akureho ubushuhe, cyangwa ayizize hamwe na aluminiyumu;
3. Ibicuruzwa ibyuya bigomba gusimburwa nigice gito cyinyo cyangwa uruvange rwifu yamenyo hamwe ninzoga kandi fungura ubwoya bworoshye cyangwa umwenda wa flannel;
4. Mugihe ukuraho ahantu h'umwijima, ntibishoboka gukoresha pex, gusiganwa bwa emery cyangwa guhagarika paste - ibi birashobora guhungabanya ipfundo ryiza kandi biganisha ku mubare munini wumunyu wibiryo;
5. Ikintu cyijimye cyuzuye gishobora gusukurwa okiside yo hejuru hamwe nuruvange rwifu yumunyu hamwe ninyongera ya ammonia;
6. Kugirango uzigame uruta ikiyiko, amahwa n'icyuma cya silver ya kumeza, birakenewe buri gihe guhanagura ubwoya bworoshye cyangwa igitambaro cyoroshye, guhagarika bigomba kumesa mu bisigazwa by'ibiribwa no guhanagura umwenda woroshye.

Inzira ya kera yo gukora isuku ya feza na alloys nayo irakwiriye ifu yamenyo hamwe nigitambaro cyubwoya cyangwa flannel. Umubare muto wifu yumye asutswe ku gitambaro na feza ahantu hafite igitutu. Nyuma yo kugarura glitter, yogejwe hamwe namazi ya robine hanyuma uhanagura byumye hamwe nigitambaro.

Icyitonderwa! Birabujijwe rwose gukoresha ibicuruzwa byogusukura biva muri feza na alloys chalk, plaster, alabaster, ifu. Gusoma hejuru yashushanyijeho, bizafata umwanya muto wogoshe kandi washenguwe bidasanzwe kuva wumva.

Nuburyo bwo gusukura ibikeri muri feza, reba videwo ikurikira.