Ubuzima hamwe nibi biotechnology hanyuma uhinduke inzobere muri iki gice zirashobora gutera gusa gutera imbere muri siyansi nka chimie na biologiya. Bikwiye kwitegura umwuga w'ejo hazaza hambere, ariko mbere yuko ukeneye gukemura - akaba ariwo uw'ibinyabuzima ari akaba n'ibikorwa birimo.
Ibiranga umwuga
Abasore benshi nabakobwa bibuzima bibuza bakurura kuba iyi ari umurimo w'ejo hazaza. Hariho amahirwe menshi yo kuvumbura, agira uruhare mugutezimbere iki gice kandi kora ikintu gishimishije kandi kikundwa. Byemezwa ko umwuga ugezweho kandi ufite ibyiringiro byinshi. Ariko amateka yo kugaragara yuyu mwuga yashinze imizi mugihe cya kera.
Ibisobanuro bye byerekana ko igitekerezo cya "biotechnology" cyumvikanye mu 1917 uvuye mu kanwa k'Abanyezi wa Charles Ereki.
Ubu bumenyi bukubiyemo uburyo butunganijwe mubuzima bwacu, kubera ko yibanda kubintu byinshi - imiti, ibinyabuzima, tekiniki, urugomo. Mubyukuri, mubinyabuzima birashobora kwisanga muburyo butandukanye bwubuzima bwacu, byose biterwa nuko ikundwa cyane nicyo ashobora kugeraho byinshi.
Inzobere nkuyu irashobora gukora iterambere ahantu hatandukanye:
- Microbiologiya;
- genetics;
- chimie;
- Ibinyabuzima bya molekari na selile;
- ibidukikije;
- Inganda;
- imiti.
Ibikorwa byinzobere akenshi bigizwe no kumenya amahitamo mashya kubicuruzwa bitandukanye byibiribwa, gukoresha ibihingwa bizwi mumikoreshereze mishya, bitera abakozi ba farumasi.
Akamaro gakomeye k'uyumwirondoro gifite imiti nubwoko butandukanye bujyanye na kariya gace. By'umwihariko, ukenguye uburyo bumwe, urashobora gusuzuma neza ku gihe.
Inshingano
Inshingano zumwuga zabashinzwe ibinyabuzima zirashobora gutandukana cyane bitewe n'aho iyi ngingo ikora.
- Niba ibi bifitanye isano na faruceutical, bishora mugutezimbere imiti, iterambere ryabo, impinduka, nibiba ngombwa. Mu bushobozi bwe - Kumenyekanisha tekinoroji nshya yumuvururo, kunoza ababanjirije. Ikora kandi amakuru yose akenewe kuri manipulation. Kubera ko iki ari inzira ishinzwe cyane - guhanga ibiyobyabwenge, vitamine, inyongeramusaruro, inyongeramusaruro, ibinyabuzima bifite uburenganzira bwo kwibeshya. Birakenewe kwitondera cyane kandi bifite inshingano muri kano karere.
- Mugihe yitangiye kwiyegurira ibikorwa byubushakashatsi, yitabira ibintu bitandukanye nubushakashatsi, akosora inyandiko yanditse. Mugihe habaye amakosa n'amakosa, bikora ku guca kurandura. Byongeye kandi, arashobora kwishora muburyo bugezweho mubice bijyanye.
- Umuhanga mu binyabuzima arashobora guhuzwa nibidukikije. Noneho akurikira ibidukikije, ayobora imyanda, akurikirana ireme ryumwuka n'amazi, ategura ibintu bishobora guteza imbere imiterere y'ibidukikije, kandi igakurikirana kwicwa kwabo.
- Umuhanga mu binyabuzima arashobora kumenya ko ari munganda y'ibiryo. Hanyuma inshingano ze zirimo kugenzura gukangurira ubwiza bwibikoresho bibisi n'ibicuruzwa, kubahiriza amahame y'isuku, ndetse no guteza imbere ibitekerezo bishya n'ikoranabuhanga, kubamenyekanisha mu buzima no kugenzura kunyura mu munyururu wose.
- No mu buhinzi, iyi nzobere irashobora kuba ikenewe. Muri uru rubanza, yishora mu kororoka, akuramo imvange nshya, itezimbere uburyo bwo kurwanya indwara n'udukoko, ndetse n'uburyo bwo kongera umusaruro.
Ubumenyi nubuhanga
Igikorwa cyumuhanga mu binyabuzima bisaba ubumenyi bwubumenyi mumirima itandukanye. Kandi ibi ni, mbere ya byose, ibyibanze byibikorwa bya chimique na biologiya. Byongeye kandi, buri gace kasaba ubumenyi bwarwo. Niba inzobere ikora mubuvuzi, ubu ni ubumenyi bwumubiri wumuntu, imikorere yinzego. Munganda zibiribwa, birakenewe neza ko wumva ibicuruzwa, ibice byabo, ibikubiye mubintu byingirakamaro kandi byangiza, menya ikoranabuhanga ryose ryo guteka ibyokurya bitandukanye.
Usibye ubumenyi bwimbitse mubice bitandukanye, iyi nzobere igomba kugira imico itari mike izamufasha no mubikorwa, no kubaka umwuga. Harimo:
- Byaba byiza;
- Kwihangana;
- horizons yagutse;
- ubushobozi bwo gusesengura ibintu bitandukanye;
- ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ibikoresho;
- Guharanira kwiteza imbere;
- ubushobozi bwo kurengera igitekerezo cyabo;
- Icyifuzo cyo kuzamura isi n'ubuzima bwa muntu;
- Icyifuzo cyo guhora tugera ku kuri;
- guhangayika;
- Ubushobozi bwo kubona umubano nabantu.
Mugihe cyakazi ntigishobora kuba cyoroshye. Kubwibyo, usibye imitekerereze mine, ishingiro ryinshi ryubumenyi nubuhanga bwumwuga, ugomba kwitegura kumvikanisha ko ibibazo bimwe na bimwe bigomba gukemurwa hamwe nabantu - kandi ntabwo bigomba gukemurwa hamwe nabantu - kandi ntabwo bigomba gukemurwa hamwe nabantu - kandi ntabwo bagomba gusa gukemurwa hamwe nabantu - kandi atari mu itsinda ryabo gusa, ahubwo no mubyiciro bitandukanye. Cyane cyane iyo bigeze kuri siyansi nubushakashatsi bwubuvuzi. Kandi, bivuze ko ubushobozi bwo gukora ibitekerezo byabo, biragaragara kandi neza kubabwira.
Ubumenyi bwururimi rwikirusiya hamwe nimvugo ishoboye nibice byingenzi. Mugihe cyo kuvugana nabakorana mumahanga kubanyabuzima, bizanashyirwa ahagaragara nicyongereza.
Uburezi
Kugira ngo umwuga bito cyane, uzagira kurangiza amashuri 11, hanyuma ufate ikizamini, mu Uretse, mu Uretse yarahaye inshingano neza ibikoresho nyamukuru, ugomba guhitamo abo basabwa mu kaminuza Byahiswemo. Rero, na ahantu cy'iyakira bizaba ngombwa guhitamo y'igihe, kandi rero, ni ngombwa kumenya uko gukora mu byo by'umwihariko karere wipfuza kumara ubwawe. Nyuma ya byose ryifashisha bashobora gukoresha ubumenyi bwabo mu mirima itandukanye . Ariko imbere mufite gufata ibizamini simusiga, ni agaciro kwitwararika abayoboke ngombwa, bamwunganira niba baba. Niba Urugero, mu ishuri na ibinyabuzima bimwe cyangwa shimi hari ibibazo, ikigo cyangwa kaminuza ntabwo byoroshye. Ahubwo, ubumenyi base bagomba kuba rukomeye. Kw'ishure, uretse imibare na Russian, nk'uko ibintu y'inyongera, guca ibinyabuzima, shimi, English. Mu Burusiya, ku binyabuzima muri inyuranye icyerekezo, ni yigishije mu bigo byinshi by'amashuri. Mu migi minini, mu mitwe karere bashobora kwihenda kubona ubushobozi aho bizaba bishoboka kubona umwihariko yifuzaga. Izo nzego kwigisha ishobora kwitirirwa Urugero, bikurikira:
- Moscow State University Lomonosov;
- Russian State University bukava;
- Mbere Moscou Leta Medical University. I. M Sechenov;
- Moscow State University ya Food Production;
- Institute of Technologies guhanga udushya no Bioindustry Food;
- Moscow Institute Physico-Technical.
- Ubushakashatsi Polytechnic University y'Igihugu (Tomsk);
- Ural Kaminuza Federal. B. N. Yeltsin (Yekaterinburg).
Ryifashisha ni umwuga bigoye, bisaba quality muremure cyane, gutegura inogangije. Rero, amaze yiyemeje kumara ubwawe umwuga iyi, wagombye kujya ikigo makuru kwigisha. Ariko niba imimerere bitoje, na nyuma impamyabumenyi, narashoboye kubona uburezi mu ishuri cyangwa ishuri tekiniki, ushobora buri Guhindura umwihariko no kwiyandikisha mu kaminuza cyangwa ikigo ku. Ariko rero ugomba kugira ibizamini biri ngombwa igihe kwinjira runaka ikigo kwigisha kunyura. Aya makuru bazobwirizwa kumenyekanira ku rubuga wa kaminuza buri mwaka cy'iyakira. Bishobora kuba imibare, shimi, ibinyabuzima, ubugenge, Russian n'Icyongereza. Inzobere basanzwe bakorera ku kuba ikigo cyangwa Gicurasi mushikamye mu ngendo umurimo mahugurwa amasomo, ibera ibiganiro bitandukanye, amahugurwa, symposia, inama, ahubwo bazaba bamaze kwifatanya butaziguye na ko gace ibikorwa aho ageraho uzaba imbere no kugera neza.
Ikora he?
umwuga ni mu isoko, hari ibyiringiro nini inyuma, kandi iyo yifuzaga, ushobora gusaba akazi keza. Umusore w'inzobere nyuma y'Ikigo gishobora gukora nk'umufasha wa laboratoint ya laboratoire muri laboratoire, aho bakora ubushakashatsi bugoye. Mu miti ya farumasi, birashobora kandi kuba uwambere. Ku bijyanye nakazi muri rusange, birashobora kuba inkigo cyubushakashatsi, ibigo byubuvuzi, laboratoire, ibigo bifitanye isano no kurengera ibidukikije, inganda zibirinda.
Umushahara w'inzobere nk'izo zizaterwa n'uburambe, uruganda, akarere ko gutura kandi birumvikana ko, ireme ryakazi. Umukozi w'agaciro azahora amenyekana kandi agafasha gukora ibintu ku mirimo yuzuye n'umushahara byiza. Ubwa mbere, umushahara wakazi urashobora kuva ku bihumbi 25 kugeza 30, hanyuma nyuma yo kuba hejuru. Ugereranije, mu Burusiya, umushahara w'inzobere ziratandukanye n'ibihumbi 25.000 kugeza 50.000. I Moscou no mundi mijyi minini, irashobora kuba hejuru cyane.
