Hano hari umubare munini wimyuga hamwe nibice byibikorwa. Ariko kwerekana umubare munini wabantu kuri bo birarenze urugero. Kubwibyo, igihe kirageze cyo kubimenya, kurugero, byose kubijyanye numwuga wa injeniyeri muburyo bwiza.
Amafaranga yihariye
Izina ryumwuga wa injeniyeri mwiza mubintu benshi barumirwa cyangwa kutumva nabi. N'ubundi kandi, injeniyeri uwo ari we wese, n'uwateguwe gusa, amaherezo ategekwa gukora ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa byayo, muburyo bwose bwo kongera, gushaka amahirwe yinyongera yo kunoza ibicuruzwa. Ariko ingingo ni uko injeniyeri nziza ari kimwe numugenzuzi kuri otb (niba ufashe ibinaku bishaje). Muri iki gihe, inzobere zishora mu buziranenge nimwe mu mibare iyobora ku ruganda urwo arirwo rwose.
Ntabwo bafite agaciro kuruta inzobere mu mitekerereze myiza y'abagore cyangwa abayobozi bakuru. Niba ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi bidahaza ibiteganijwe kubakiriya, abaguzi bahisemo vuba ahandi sosiyete. Hanyuma inkiko zitangira, ihazabu zitandukanye ziva mu nzego za Leta.
Injeniyeri nziza igomba kugira amashuri makuru. Irashyirwaho kandi nibindi bisabwa byinshi, bizaganirwaho.
Inshingano
Ibisobanuro bisanzwe byakazi kuri injeniyeri isanzwe kandi uyobora muburyo busobanura ibikorwa bikurikira:
- Gukora ingamba zo kunoza ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa;
- kugenzura ibikorwa byamacakubiri yubwoko (kugirango bakorere neza kandi neza);
- Gukurikirana Kububahiriza ibicuruzwa n'Ibitabo by'Uburusiya n'ibipimo mpuzamahanga, bibaye ngombwa kandi byateganijwe;
- Kugumana ibicuruzwa byoherejwe nabakiriya bamahanga Ibisabwa byingenzi;
- Gutezimbere no kuzamura sisitemu yo gucunga ubuziranenge;
- Kubuza gukora ibicuruzwa byiza - gutanga serivisi mbi cyangwa imikorere irengana.
Ariko ibi ntibigarukira gusa mu ruziga, rukora injeniyeri neza mu ishyirahamwe. Amabwiriza yemewe, prograandandar na ets yerekana indi mirimo. Inzobere muri kariya gace ikora imirimo ikurikira:
- Ubushakashatsi no gusezererwa byose byakiriye ibibazo, bisesengurwa;
- Tegura abashinzwe gutanga raporo ku byavuye mu birego byize;
- Agira uruhare mu nyongerandi ku bisubizo byo gusuzuma ibirego byose n'ibirego;
- Tegura imyanzuro kubyerekeye ubuziranenge bwibikoresho bibisi hamwe nibicuruzwa byarangiye;
- gusuzuma ubumenyi bwabandi bahanga mubyibuto nibisabwa kubicuruzwa na serivisi byarangiye;
- Gutegura, nibiba ngombwa, inyandiko zerekeye gutanga ibiciro, abashoramari nibindi bigereranya;
- ifasha gucunga kwemeza ibicuruzwa, imirongo yumusaruro, ikoranabuhanga hamwe nabashya;
- Ikurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ibisobanuro by'inzego z'ubugenzuzi bwa Leta n'ibyemezo by'urukiko ukurikije ireme ry'ibicuruzwa na serivisi byateguwe, imitunganyirize.
Ubumenyi nubuhanga
Nibyo, umwanya ushinzwe usobanura ubushobozi bwisumbuye, bitabaye ibyo bidashoboka rwose gukora no mumisaruro mito cyane. Witondere kwiga:
- Leta no mu karere, imirenge n'ibisabwa mpuzamahanga mu rwego rw'ubuziranenge n'ibiranga ibicuruzwa byarangiye, imitunganyirize y'ikoranabuhanga;
- Imiterere, ibintu biranga isosiyete yihariye nibikoresho byakazi, imirongo, imbuga zabo;
- Uburyo (uburyo) bwo kwipimisha bwangiza kandi budasenya, bugarukira hamwe nuburyo bwo gusuzuma ibisubizo byagezweho;
- imirimo yo mu biro muri rusange no mu ishyirahamwe runaka, umuzingi cyane;
- Ububasha bw'inzego z'ubugenzuzi bwa Leta n'abakozi babo ku giti cyabo;
- Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwo gushyingirwa, ibintu byo kugaragara;
- Masking disking yagabanije abakozi;
- Uburyo bwo kumenya gushyingirwa, uburyo bwo kumenya abakoze icyaha runaka;
- Ibisabwa byibanze kubikoresho nibikoresho, aho ukorera hamwe nishyirahamwe ryakazi, inzira yikoranabuhanga hamwe nikirere cyibibanza byakazi;
- Ibintu bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku bwiza - mu ruherereka urunigi rwabyara umusaruro, harimo na countepparki;
- uburyo butemewe kandi butemewe bwo gukora ibikoresho;
- Ibimenyetso by'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byambara;
- Ibishushanyo byo kugenzura ibikoresho byakoreshejwe, uburyo bwo kwipimisha, igenamiterere, guhinduka, gusana, kwiyubaka;
- Shingiro ry'amategeko agenga umurimo;
- ibipimo by'umutekano;
- Amategeko yo kwipimisha ibicuruzwa byarangiye.
Ariko ni ubumenyi gusa, kandi hariho nubuhanga, nubushobozi bwo kubishyira mubikorwa. Rero, injeniyeri nziza ihora ikunda psychologue. Agomba kuba ashoboye guhinduranya nabantu batandukanye cyane kandi mubihe byiza kugirango bafate ko bagerageza kwihisha cyangwa bato. Ibikurikira, bizaba ngombwa kugirango ugaruke ubumenyi bwawe kuri gahunda. N'ubundi kandi, amategeko amwe, ibipimo bitandukanye n'ibisabwa n'amategeko, ikoranabuhanga n'imashini bihora bihinduka.
Ubuhanga bwingenzi kuri injeniyeri bwiza buzaba imyumvire yinteko, igishushanyo, igishushanyo, gukora nibindi bikorwa, gahunda n'amazina. Agomba gukora muri we nubuhanga bwigitekerezo cyuzuye cyukuntu ibicuruzwa byarangiye bizakoreshwa. Nyuma ya byose, ikintu kimwe mu mpeshyi ishyushye kandi hagati ya Gashyantare ahantu runaka hagati ya Yakutsk irashobora kwitwara neza. Kandi uru ni urugero rugaragara cyane, kandi haracyari ibintu byinshi bihinduka bigira ingaruka kumiterere ningirakamaro mubintu. Ibice nkibyo bizaba ibintu bike:
- Urufatiro rw'Icyerekezo cy'amategeko n'imikorere y'ubu mu buziranenge mu murima wabo;
- Shingiro ryubwikungu bwumuryango (kugirango utatanga ingamba zikomeye zo kuzamura ubuziranenge);
- Ururimi rw'amahanga (ntirushobora ndetse n'imwe) - kugira ngo tumenye vuba ibisabwa mu bindi bihugu, hamwe nikoranabuhanga rishya;
- Amahame yumutekano numutekano (kugirango akingirwe kandi adatanga ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gishobora kugirira nabi abandi bantu);
- Ibintu byimishinga yimbere nabanywanyi murugo.
Amatora y'abashobora kuba abakoresha bwerekanye ko iyo babajijwe no mu gihe cy'igeragezwa, bitondera cyane ku muvuduko ukurikira:
- ubumenyi bwururimi rwicyongereza;
- igitekerezo cy'ikimenyetso nyamukuru mu nganda zacyo;
- igitekerezo cya ISO 9000;
- Uburezi bwihariye (Inganda zijyanye, ni ukuvuga ahantu habi bihuo, kurugero, birakwiriye);
- ubumenyi bwa ISO 17025;
- Uburambe murwego rwihariye.
Rimwe na rimwe (ariko bidasanzwe) bisaba ISO 14001, GMP, Sigma. Ariko, nibyiza rwose kumva ko ibi byose. Kumenya uburyo bwibarurishamibare nuburyo bwo kongera imikorere mubisanzwe ntibigenzurwa.
Ariko umwuga mwiza uzi ibi bihe bya Izubok. Gusa kuberako batashoboraga kunozwa nubuhanga bwabo.
Uburezi
Bonyine, Guhugura inzobere akomeye nayo igomba gutegurwa gukomeye bishoboka. Ndetse no mubisobanuro byakazi byateganijwe bitemewe ko bigomba kwiga amashuri makuru. Ikigo cyiza cyuburezi gishobora kuba injeniyeri nubukungu bya Moscou. Hariho kwisobanura nkibi "gucunga" n "" gucunga ubuziranenge ". Kubatuye uturere twinshi tumeze neza muri geografiya (kandi ntabwo ari bibi murwego rwamahugurwa), kaminuza ya Halmajyepfo ya Multa yaguye.
Ubundi buryo:
- Meaa (Ubwubatsi, imirima na metero, gucunga ubuziranenge);
- Ranhigs (imiyoborere, gucunga ubuziranenge);
- Baltique "igisirikare" (igikoresho cyo gukora, ibipimo ngenderwaho na metero);
- Kaminuza ya Kurgan ya Kurgan (Imirongo na Metrologiya);
- Kaminuza ya Polytechnic ya St. Petersburg (Ubwubatsi, ikoranabuhanga ryibicuruzwa no kugaburira);
- Fefu (Ubuyobozi bwiza, tekinoroji yimiti);
- URFU (gucapa no gupakira ikoranabuhanga ryabaturage, gucunga ubuziranenge).
Ahantu ho gukorera
Injeniyeri nziza irashobora gukora kumusaruro wihariye. Ariko impuguke nziza zifite ibintu bigufi byimbaraga zisaba. Ntabwo bishoboka cyane ko umuntu umwe, kurugero, ashobora kumera neza gucunga ubuziranenge mu musaruro w'ibiribwa, mu nganda za kirimbuzi no kuri gari ya moshi. Kandi iyi nzoka irashobora kubona umwanya muri:
- farumcologiya;
- gukora imodoka;
- Umusaruro wibikoresho byo kubaka;
- inganda zimyenda;
- urwego;
- guhumeka;
- Ubwubatsi;
- MetAllurgie, ibyuma;
- kudoda, inkweto;
- amashyirahamwe yo kubaka no gusana hamwe nibindi byinshi byinshi byinzego zitandukanye.
Injeniyeri nziza akenshi iherekeza imishinga yose ku mibereho yabo yose. . Rero, ntabigizemo uruhare, iterambere ryubwoko bushya bwibicuruzwa ntabwo kibarwa. Ndetse no gusohora ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bivuye ku mazina y'ibicuruzwa bijyanye ubusanzwe bifitanye isano n'imyanzuro yaryo.
Inzobere zo mu rwego rwa mbere zishobora kubara ku mushahara w'ingano ibihumbi 30-40 buri kwezi. Iyo icyiciro cya mbere cyangwa cya kabiri cyahawe, amafaranga yinjira muri 40-100%.
Ugereranije, mu Burusiya, gutatanya umushahara muri ba injeniyeri neza ni kuva ku ya 25 kugeza 120 . Mu murwa mukuru w'igihugu, ibipimo ntarengwa by'imibare 40.000. Inzobere cyane cyane zirashobora kubara amafaranga 150.000. Ariko kubwibi biba ngombwa kwigaragaza neza, "kora izina" mumuryango wabigize umwuga. Ibyiringiro byumwuga mubisanzwe bigarukira gusa muburyo bufatika butemewe ko byoroshye no kujya mubindi nganda. Intambwe ikurikira (ntagifatanyabikorwa, ariko, muburyo butaziguye ibikorwa byubwubatsi) ni ukubona umwanya wumuyobozi wicyerekezo cyangwa forporatism yibikorwa remezo.
Imbere yuburambe, injeniyeri nziza izashobora kwinjira muri serivisi mu nzego za Leta. Ngaho, ubuhanga bwe buzashishikazwa n'amashami yo kwakira amabwiriza yo hanze, hamwe n'amacakubiri atandukanye. Ariko ahanini ninzibacyuho ikubiyemo akazi kumwanya wa Verifier cyangwa Umugenzuzi. Ibi birashyira mu gaciro: kuko injeniyeri nziza mugikorwa cyakazi gitangira kumva uburyo ibitagenda neza. Rero, azahinduka umugenzuzi ushoboye. Kandi hano birakwiye kuvuga ibindi bintu bike byihishe bigira ingaruka kubikorwa byinzobere nkiyi.
Icy'ingenzi nuko azaba umuyobozi wo hagati. Kandi ibi bivuze ko ibisabwa byinshi byerekanwe kubigaragara nimyitwarire kuruta umukozi usanzwe.
Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa byumwuga bya injeniyeri keza kuri staderi ntabwo bidashoboka nta sisitemu yo gushushanya kwikora hamwe na tekinoroji yamakuru. Biracyafite akamaro ko ibigirwa ibicuruzwa bidakwiye kuba iherezo ubwaryo; Tugomba kubitekerezaho kugirango babigereho aho berekeza.
Ku kazi k'umuyobozi keza, umuntu uzi gupima ibintu bitandukanye byiterambere hamwe ningaruka zishobora kubaho za buri ntambwe. Byongeye kandi, ibi bigomba gukorwa vuba kubipimo byinshi, bitanga igihe kandi rimwe na rimwe basaba ibintu bituzuye. Kuraho gushidikanya muburyo budashoboka kandi ntibuzigera bishoboka. Iyaba gusa kuberako ibintu byose bishya, buri gikorwa gishya cyikoranabuhanga gifite "imitego" yacyo.
Hanyuma, birakwiye ko dusuzuma impuzandengo ya injeniyeri mu buziranenge mu turere twinshi:
- Ekaterinburg - Rable 53.000;
- Rostov-On-Don - Rable 49000;
- Novosibirks - Rables 48000;
- Volgograpp - amafaranga 32000;
- Vladivostok - amafaranga 56.000;
- St. Petersburg - 60000.
