Ibyuma bya Platinum: Niki platinoid? Urutonde rwabo na chimie. Ubusanzwe buri gihe? Kubitsa, kwakira no gukoresha

Hafi ya buri muntu azi ibyerekeye kubaho kw'ibyuma by'agaciro. Ibi ni ifeza, zahabu na platine. Muri icyo gihe, ntabwo abantu bose bazwiho kubaho kw'itsinda rya platine. Abahagarariye kandi bavuga umubare wabanyacyubahiro.

Amafaranga yihariye

Ibyuma bya Platinum - Iri ni itsinda ryibintu 6 biherereye kuruhande rwibindi mumeza yimiti. Buri kimwe mubintu byabo cyitsinda bifatwa neza ko ari byiza. Ibi biterwa nimiti ikurikira kandi yumubiri.

1. Abahanga bandika uburyo buke bwibyuma bya platine. Umubare wibitsa ni muto. Ibi biranga kandi bifitanye isano nibintu byimiti bisanzwe bifatwa nkibidasanzwe kandi bihenze.
2. Abahagarariye itsinda ryavuzwe haruguru bafite imitungo yibyuma bikurikira: Rhodium, Osmia, Palladium, Ruthenium.
3. Muburyo bwo kwiga PlatinoIde, isano muburyo bwa Atome yarenze ibintu, yerekanwe hejuru.

Abahanga bakora mu rwego rwa chimie basangiye ibyuma byose bya platine mu matsinda abiri yitwa inyabutatu.

Gutandukana bikorwa nuburemere.

• Itsinda №1 . Aba ni abahagarariye byoroshye. Harimo Palladium, Ruthenium na Rhodium.
• Itsinda Umubare 2. Ibyuma 6 gisigaye ni iridium, osmium na platine ubwe. Ibi bimaze kuba ibyuma biremereye.

Ibyuma n'imiterere yabo

Ibyuma bifite itsinda ryavuzwe haruguru. Urutonde ni.

• Ruthenium - ru.
• Rhodium - RH.
• Palladium - PD.
• Osmis - OS.
• Iridium - Ir.
• Platinum - PT.

Icyitonderwa: Amazina yose aherereye muburyo runaka, ukurikije uburemere bwa atomic.

Uhereye ku gaciro gito kuri byinshi. Ibyuma byose bya platine bifite ibintu bisa.

1. Iyambere ijyanye ni isura. Ibintu hafi ya byose, usibye osmium, gira igicucu cyoroheje (guhuza amabara yera na feza). Osmia ifite ijwi rito.
2. Ibyuma birwanya cyane cyane reagents nyinshi. Mugihe kimwe, Platinoids ni umusemburo mwiza.
3. Hamwe no gufashanya kugenzura inzira zitandukanye za shimi, kugenzura umuvuduko wa okiside, kandi ukurikire ibindi bitekerezo. Imyitwarire nkiyi yerekana ifatwa nkizigutangaza kandi paradoxique.

Umutungo

Okidation ntabwo ikozwe hejuru. Rero, inertia yerekanwe neza. Ukurikije impuguke, biragaragara cyane kuri platine. Mugihe wiga abahagarariye itsinda rya platine, ntibyashobokaga kurenga ingingo yo gushonga. Agaciro gake muri Palladium ni dogere 1554. Agaciro gakomeye kuri Osmia. Ubushyuhe bwabwo bufite impamyabumenyi ibihumbi 3 27.

IBIKURIKIRA BIKURIKIRA - Kubanga. Ibi biranga byerekana ko kwambara ibintu byiza. Nubwo dusa, imico yumubiri iratandukanye. Ukurikije ibi bipimo, tekinike zidasanzwe zikoreshwa mugihe cyo gutunganya. Ruthenium na Osmia ni byuma bitoroshye kandi bisaba umubano witonze.

Icyubahiro kinini ni ikimenyetso cya palladium na platine.

Amacuku he?

Ibikoresho bya Platinum mubisanzwe bikwirakwizwa ku butaka bwa Kanada na Afrika yepfo. Muri utwo turere, umusaruro w'amabuye y'agaciro ubaho muburyo busanzwe bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro. Nkuko imyitozo irerekana, Platinoids nyinshi zicukurwa mugukuramo ibintu kuva nikel sulfide imyunyu ngugu cyangwa amabuye yumuringa. Akazi kakoresha ugutandukana. Muburyo bwo gutunganya ibyuma, ibikorwa byabonetse, nkigisubizo, imvange idasanzwe iraboneka. Umubare w'icyuma wa platine ni kuva 15 kugeza kuri 20% byibisigi byumye.

Rimwe na rimwe, inzira yo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro no gutunganya irashobora gutandukana. Rimwe na rimwe, ibihingwa bikoresha gutandukana kwa rukuru. Muri iki kibazo, umubare wibintu bikenewe byimiti byiyongera kuri 50%. Iyi miterere yo gutunganya ikuraho gushonga. Nubwo abitsa kubashimye MPG ni gake, kubitsa nabyo biherereye muri Kanada, Ubushinwa, Ositaraliya na Finilande.

Hariho andi masoko, ariko, umugabane wumusaruro wabo ufite 0.3% gusa yumuntu wose wakozwe ku isi.

Bikoreshwa he?

PlatinoIde yasanze imikoreshereze yabo muburyo butandukanye. Ibintu byisi Yose byibyuma byiri tsinda bikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe. Platine yera Alto ubwayo ni yoroshye cyane kandi yuzuye. Muri leta nkiyi, ni ibintu byoroshye kandi byangiritse bitandukanye. Kongera imbaraga no kwambara kurwanya ibyuma by'agaciro, ibintu bitandukanye bikoreshwa. Platinum yahujwe nibindi bintu bya chimique.

Imitako ya platinum ihabwa agaciro gakomeye kandi ifite agaciro kuruta zahabu. Barungutse abantu benshi mu Buyapani. Abatuye mu gihugu cya Rising Sun Hamagara ibicuruzwa nkibi "Hackkin". Imitako nkuru ya abloy ni platine kandi ifite 90% ya misa yose. 10% isigaye ni Palladium. Biroroshye gukorana nayo, harimo kugurisha no gutunganya.

Nanone Kongera imbaraga, icyuma cyera gifite ishingiro gihujwe na ruthenium. Ongeraho iki kintu cyongera kurwanya inzira ya okiside. MPGS yasanze ikoreshwa ryabo mugukora ibicuruzwa. Muri uru rubanza, alloy igizwe numuringa, platinum na palladium ikoreshwa. Ihitamo nkiryo riraryohewe mubiciro, ugereranije nibigize ibintu bibiri: platine na palladium.

Ibidasanzwe bikozwe ukoresheje platinoDoded bikoreshwa cyane mugukora thermocouples. Iki nigikoresho cyihariye gifite urwego runini rwa porogaramu. Intego nyamukuru yayo igizwe no guhindura ubushyuhe bwo hejuru (agaciro ntarengwa ni dogere 1000 hejuru ya celius hejuru ya zeru). Bamwe mu bahagarariye bakoreshwa muburyo bwiza. Nk'ubutegetsi, bakora nk'ibyongeweho kubyuma bisigaye biva mu itsinda rya platine. Palladium yasanze ikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, ndetse no muri altol ya none.

Umusemburo

Kurenga 40% byumurongo wose wabonetse, bikorerwa mumahanga, bikoreshwa nkumusemburo. Iyi mitungo itangaje kandi yingirakamaro yanditswe mugice cya mbere cyingingo. Hafi yicyuma cyose (hafi 90%) yasanze ikoreshwa ryayo mugukora uburyo bwo kunanirwa kumodoka. Ibikoresho by'agaciro, kimwe na Rhodium na Palladium, bikora nk'ubufatanye bukingira inzego n'ibindi bintu. Igice cy'icyuma kirinda inzira zamasa, kugumana ibikoresho nkubunyangamugayo kandi nta nkomyi. Iyo winjiye mubisubizo byimiti, ibice bikaze bihindurwa mubice bitekanye nibintu.

Ibintu bya shimi birashobora gukora umurimo wa catalistst atari yo atari igikona gusa, ahubwo no muburyo bwa gride ishyushye. Muri iki kibazo, hariho reaction hagati yumwuka nibintu byuburozi - Ammonia. Nkigisubizo, acide oxide oxide iraboneka. Ibice bitandukanye byongerera ibice bitandukanye kugirango ubone ibindi bintu.

Undi rwego rudakora ntagakoreshwa na MPG - Ubucukuzi bwamavuta. Uru ni inganda yisi yose, yerekana agaciro ka platinoide ningirakamaro mu nganda.

Ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha ibyuma biri.

1. Ku ifasi y'Uburusiya kuva Palladium ikorerwa Ibiceri by'ishoramari. Ibi byatangiye nyuma ya Usssr, igiceri cya Palladium cyasukuwe. Nominal - Amafaranga 25.
2. Ibikoresho byo hejuru nabyo ntibikora bidafite ubushobozi bwa MPG. Mu gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki yubu bwoko, kwambara imibonano mpuzabitsina kandi byizewe birakenewe, bizarwanya ingaruka mbi kuruhande. Nubwo tekinoroji yubuhanga bushya, ubu nta bundi buryo bwo kuri platinoide.
3. Muburyo bwo gukora ibikoresho nibikoresho kumurimo mubihe bigoye Ibyuma nabyo bikoreshwa cyane. Gukora mubidukikije, ibikoresho bigomba kuba biramba, kwambara no kwihangana no kuramba. Nibiranga byakira ibyuma bya platine.
4. Kuri Ongeraho cyane kuramba kwa Titanium kuri korosi, Palladium nto yongeweho. Nanone, iki kintu cyitsinda rya platine rikunze kuvangwa nicyuma.
5. Muri medecine Ihuza rifatika naryo rikoreshwa cyane. Iyi myitozo yakoreshejwe mbere kandi ikomeza akamaro muri iki gihe.
6. Ntiwibagirwe ibya filire. Ibi bikoresho bikoreshwa Rinda igikoresho cyabatwara imiti.
7. Ifeza na Palladium Theloy ikoreshwa cyane muri electronics nkeya.

Nukuntu iyi sicyuma gikoreshwa, reba videwo ikurikira.