Rhodium ni icyuma gidasanzwe kandi kizwi cyane kubakunda imitako. Rhodium atera irinda isura ya gratches kandi ibohewe nibicuruzwa byagaciro, bitanga umusanzu mugubungabunga isura ya mbere mugihe kirekire.
Niki?
Rhodium ni ibintu byimiti n45 kuva kumeza yigihe cya Mendeleev, yerekeye ibyuma byiza byitsinda rya platine. Ikintu cyafunguwe na William Hydov Vollaston mu 1803 iyo akorana nigisubizo cya platine. Muri yo, Umurinzi yavumbuye ifu yijimye yijimye, yita izina rya Rodi, yasobanuye mu kigereki bisobanura "Roza".
Rhodium ni imwe mu byuma bidakunze kandi bihenze, Biterwa nikibazo cyo gukuramo kuri platine ku rugero rw'inganda. Muri kamere, birahari mumabuye y'agaciro, harimo na platinoide nyinshi icyarimwe. Abahanga batekereza ko kubona kg 1 yiyi cyuma bisaba toni nyinshi za platine kavukire. Vollarstson yerekanye Rhodium aha hantu hakurikiye: Nyuma ya Synthesis ya sodium hydrogène, ni igihe kirekire ku ifu yumutuku hejuru ya hydrogen, nkigiterera ibitonyanga bike byahawe ibitonyanga bike.
Nyuma nimbaraga za Porofeseri Lebestky yafunguye uburyo bushya bwo gutanga Rhodium - Ingaruka kubisubizo byumunyu wa platinoid hamwe nubukonje. Nkigisubizo, gukonja mubisubizo byarasekeje imvura, byatanzwe nibigo bya Rhodium na Iridiya. Ubu buryo bwari bukwirakwira munganda kandi buracyakoreshwa. Kugeza ubu, ubifashijwemo na tekinike ya Lebensinsky, gahunda ya toni 30 yicyuma cyera hasohoka buri mwaka.
Uburyo bugamije gutandukanya Platinum no kubona Rhodium nziza cyane yitwaga Affinent.
Kubijyanye na Rhodium, igicucu cyumutuku-umutuku kiraranga gusa, mugihe ibyuma ubwabyo bisa nkifeza, nubwo yaba munsi yacyo muburyo bwiza. Bityo, Ingano yumucyo igaragarira kuriyi cyuma ni 80%, mugihe ifeza ari 95% muri feza . Nubwo bimeze bityo, mu gukora indorerwamo ya tekinike, aho kuba ifeza, akenshi ikoreshwa na Rhodium. Ibi biterwa no kwerekana Platinoid hamwe nubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora hamwe nubucucike bwayo bwa electomagnetic imirasire ya electomagnetic, harimo nurwego rwa infrared. Muyandi magambo, igikombe cya Rhodium kirashobora gutanga imyaka myinshi, mugihe ifeza itera mubihe bisa ntabwo ari umunsi wanyuma.
Ibiranga icyuma byaba bituzuye utavuze agaciro kayo. Igiciro cya Rhodium nziza gihora gitandukanye kandi biterwa nubunini bwumwaka. Rero, muri Kanama 2016, Troyan rimwe Rhodium imwe (31,1034768 G) yatwaye amadorari agera kuri 700, ariko mumyaka yakurikiyeho igiciro cyiyongereye cyane. Mu ntangiriro za 2020, agaciro ka Rhodium Ingot gipima kimwe kigeze $ 9,000. Igiciro kinini giterwa nuko icyuma kidafite amabuye y'agaciro kandi kirimo muri kavukire, nikeli n'umuringa n'umuringa, ndetse no mu mucanga wa zahabu nka mugenzi.
Ariko, ibintu bikomeye bya Rhodium byagaragaye mu bwoko bwa Osmiste Iridia - Rhodium Nevyanskit, ikubiyemo hafi 11.3% by'ibyuma byiza.
Ibigize n'imiterere
Rhodium ni icyuma gikomeye cya feza, kiruta "urubyaro" cye cyo guharanira imiti mubidukikije byinshi bya ruswa. Amashanyarazi ya elegitoronike ya atom ato ameze nkiyi: rh - 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3 2 2 4p 6 41 1. Icyuma gishonga neza muburyo bwo guteka muri Royal Vodka (HNO3 kuvanga), muri H2SO4 yibanda (iyo ashyushye) no muri hydrogen peroxide. Ingingo yo gushonga ni 1964 ° C, guteka - 3697 ° C, ubucucike bwibyuma kuri 20 ° C ni 12.41 G / CM3. Rhodium ni iy'itsinda ry'isi ridasanzwe, muri leta ihamye ifite ibara rya feza hamwe na tant.
Rhodium ni igikoma gihamye, hamwe nibisubizo ko bidahwitse byakira nabi cyane - gusa kugirango ugere ku bushyuhe bwa cagine itukura. Gutinda kwicyuma birashoboka gusa muri leta yajanjaguwe kandi saa 1000 gusa ° C.
Bitewe na plastike ndende, igaragara iyo ashyushye kuri dogere 850-900, guhinduka kw'icyuma mu nsinga zoroheje ziboneka, uhereye aho habaye anneling kandi kuzunguruka no kuzunguruka no kuzunguruka.
Ubwiza bwicyuma gifatwa nkubushobozi bwayo bwo guhindura igicucu cyacyo, gifite agaciro cyane mumitako. Rero, mugihe kubara ku bushyuhe bwa 800 ° C, Rhodium yashizwemo na firime ya oxide ibura kongera ubushyuhe kugeza 1000 ° C. Rhodium yirabura ifite agaciro cyane, ningirakamaro mugukora imitako yuburinganire buhebuje. Indi mitungo yicyuma nubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora nkumusemburo kubitekerezo byinshi. Rero, hamwe nubufasha bwa Rhodium yaciwe, inzoga zisanzwe zirashobora guhindurwa acide.
Kubitsa no gucukura amabuye y'agaciro
Umubare wumwaka wisi yose wa Raporo ya Rhodium ni toni 30. Umusaruro muto uterwa nibintu bike mubintu biri mubwimbitse bwisi kandi adahari amabuye y'agaciro. Kubitsa byicyuma biherereye muri Repubulika ya Afrika yepfo, itanga 75-80% ya Rhodium kumasoko rusange. Kubitsa bike bihagije biherereye muri Kanada, muri Kolombiya no mu Burusiya - Mu bihugu bifite impuzandengo yibanda kuri platine kavukire mubwimbitse bwo ku isi.
Usibye guhuza, uburyo bwo gukora ibyuma bifatwa nkirekurwa rya isotope ihamye kuva Plutonium, Uranium na Thorium, ikoreshwa cyane mu mbaraga za kirimbuzi. Kubona Rhodium muri ubu buryo birashobora gukemura ikibazo cyimibumbe ikenewe cyane kandi idahagije yakozwe mumirima. Kwizirikana inganda za kirimbuzi zateye imbere hamwe nibirimo byinshi muri lisansi ya kirimbuzi (kugeza 400 g / t), ikibazo cyingufu za Rhodium kirashobora gukemurwa, kandi inganda za Rhodium zirashobora gukemurwa, kandi Inganda za kirimbuzi zizakemuka, kandi Inganda za kirimbuzi zizahinduka isoko nyamukuru yiyi sicyuma amasoko.
Byakoreshejwe he?
Urugero rwa Rhodium ni mugari. Ibyuma birakenewe mubice byinshi byinganda zimiti no gutunganya, bikoreshwa nkibikoresho bya catalyst, byubakaga imitako n'imitako.Umusemburo
Muri ubu buryo, icyuma gikoreshwa mubisubizo byimiti, birambuye cyane birimo kubona acide ya acetike muri methyl inzoga. Irakoreshwa kandi mugihe ikora muyungurura-ibitutsi byagenewe gukorana na gaze yimodoka. Kandi ibyuma bya Rhodium-platine bifatwa nkibisebe byiza cyane mumusaruro wa Hno3 ukurikije uburyo bwa ammonia numwuka no muri ubu buryo bwo gukora umusaruro buraboneka.
Kugeza ubu, kugeza 81% ya kataliza zihari zifite urufatiro rwa Rhodium.
Ibikoresho byubwubatsi
Rhodium ni ngombwa mu gukora ikirahuri cyamazi ya kirisiti ya kirisiti, kugirango umusaruro ufata platine yacyo. Ni muri urwo rwego, ibikoresha ibyuma bikura bigenda byiyongera ukurikije ubwiyongere bw'umusaruro ugezweho. Rhodes ikoreshwa cyane mugukora indorerwamo za tekiniki, status nubundi buso butanga ibitekerezo bizakorwa mubihe bikabije kandi bya laser.
Ntibishoboka kuvugwa kuri platinu-rhodium yakoreshejwe mugukura amabuye y'agaciro na kristu ya electro-optique imiterere muri laboratoire. . Guhuza na Iridium cyangwa ibyuma bya platinum, bikunze gukoreshwa mugukora ibihugu bikenewe kugirango dusuzugure ubushyuhe butangwa (hejuru ya 2200 ° C). Ntibishoboka ko tutamenya uruhare rwicyuma mumikorere yo gukora imiyoboro ya laboratoire hamwe na flasks ikoreshwa mubigeragezo bya chimique. Bitewe nuko Rhodium idakorana nibintu byose, mumasahani nkaya ushobora gusuka ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose.
Imitako
Rhodium ikoreshwa cyane mugukora imitako, ikora imirimo ibiri icyarimwe - kurinda kandi ishushanya. Kurugero, Ifeza yuzuyeho uruganda rworoshye rwa Rhodium rufata urumuri rwinshi, ntirwijima kandi ntiruranga mu kirere, Na zahabu y'ababyeyi kubera ubushishozi bukomeye bwibyuma (ibice 6. Moos) iramba cyane no kwambara. Byongeye kandi, icyuma kirakenewe kugirango ubone zahabu yera, ikunzwe cyane mubifana byimitako, kandi inka zayo zigira uruhare mu kurema zahabu yumukara - icyerekezo cya Avant-galike muri Fashion yimodoka.
Ubukonje, ariko icyarimwe urumuri rwimbitse kandi rushimishije ruhuze neza na PhYANANI), Zirconia, Diyama kandi yinjije mubyuma byagaciro. Byongeye kandi, icyuma gikoreshwa nkikingi mu gukora imitako ya platine na palladium. Ibicuruzwa bitwikiriye rhodium ntibikeneye gusukura buri gihe kandi ugumane urumuri rwumwimerere igihe kirekire.
Usibye imikorere yo gushushanya, ijyanye no kugabanya allergenity ya zahabu yera, ibyo, hamwe no guhorana uruhu, bitera umutuku no kurasa. Igice cy'iki cyicyuma kibuza ingaruka zidashimishije zo kwambara imitako, ifite agaciro cyane kubantu barwaye indwara zurubiri. Ariko, hamwe numubare munini wibyiza, haracyari ibibi bikaba ibi bikaba rhodium isaba gushya, kandi kuboneka kwayo byongera cyane igiciro cyimitako.
Usibye ibice byo gusaba, Rhodium ikoreshwa mu gukora ibiceri. Rero, mu 2009, ibiceri byambere bya Rhodium gusa byatanzwe ku minota mibi ya Amerika, bitakoreshwa nkubwage, kandi bigakorwa nkikintu cyishoramari. Ariko, nyuma gato (muri 2014), Banki nkuru y'u Rwanda yarekuwe ivuka rya mbere ry'igiceri hamwe n'agaciro k'amafaranga 10 yu Rwanda, yatangiye gukoreshwa nk'umukozi wo kwishyura.
Ikindi rwego cyo gushyira mu bikorwa iyi cyuma ni inganda za kirimbuzi. Ibitekerezo bya Rodium bikoreshwa neza nka meterron yo gutembera mumashanyarazi.
Ni ibihe bigize radiyo birimo?
Mu bihe by'agateganyo, nicyo gitekerezo ko ibice byinshi bya radiyo byakozwe muri Rhodium nziza. Ariko, ntabwo ari kure yikibi, kandi icyuma cyakoreshejwe kugirango gishyukira ihuza ryabahuza. Kugirango ukore ibice ubwabo, ntibyari bikwiye, kuko byari byoroshye kandi byacitse cyane. Ariko nk'igifuniko, haribibazo, biterwa no kurwanya ruswa no kugenzura cyane imirasire y'imyanda ya electonagnetic. Inyigisho za Rhodium zifite imibonano (REVEY) Ubwoko RES-55 (a) murukurikirane rwa PC 4569601, amafaranga 4569602, amafaranga 4569603, rs 4569605.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa zahabu ni zahabu izavuga videwo ikurikira.