Ngakhale kuti za m'zaka za zana la 20 zakhala za zaka za zana la zaka za mapangidwe, zomwe zapeza ufulu wandale zambiri, alipobe akatswiri oletsedwabe kwa akazi masiku ano. Zoletsa mu gawo la akatswiri nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchito zoopsa.
Chifukwa chiyani pali zoletsa zilizonse?
Mu zikhalidwe zonse, pali zigawo zina za kugonana, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuteteza kwa mkazi yemwe akuchita ntchito yoberekera yoberekera, kuchokera kumavuto akamagwira ntchito. M'zaka za zana la 20, azimayi omwe ali m'maiko osiyanasiyana akwaniritsa maudindo a ufulu wawo wandale, pamanali zoletsedwa kugwira ntchito ndi zinthu zoopsa.
Kuletsa kumawonekera mu nthawi yachuma ku Europe, popeza mafakitale akakhala akutukuka kwambiri m'mizinda. Mabizinesi nthawi zambiri amatenga ntchito ya amuna, chifukwa sikuti ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, komanso azimayi omwe amaposa maphunziro komanso pamaso pa luso lapadera. Amayi ambiri omwe amachita nawo banja sanali ndi luso logwira ntchito ndipo adakakamizidwa kuchita ntchito yotsika kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa 19 - koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, kusuntha kwa mzimu ku Europe ku Europe kunalimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa akazi ndikupanga malo otetezeka a akazi.
Pa gawo la mafakitale ambiri opanga mafakitale, chiyambi cha zaka 20 padalipo ntchito zambiri zamanja:
- mu migoni;
- ku Metalliggy
- mu migodi ndi malonda;
- M'masitolo akuda;
- mu makampani opanga mankhwala.
Kufunika kwa makampani a capitalist mu mikono yotsika mtengo kunapangitsa eni malo ogulitsa mabizinesi omwe amapita kukakopa kwamphamvu kwa akazi osayenera. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu achikazi adalipira ndalama zochepa kuposa amuna, pochita ntchito zomwezo. European ndipo US ikuwoneka kuti idayamba ndewu kwa kuchuluka kwa malipiro awo komanso kuwapatsa ufulu wandale Izi sizingalole kuvota zisankho, komanso kuphunzitsa akatswiri a amuna omwe adalipira kwambiri.
M'zaka zonse za m'ma 1900, kachilombo komwe kwatsalira mwa amuna ufulu wogwira nawo mawu ofanana, koma ngakhale atachita bwino kwa amayi polimbana ndi ufulu wa amuna ndi akazi okhaokha, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma 2000 zino, akatswiri adaletsedwa kutero Gwirani ntchito zifukwa zingapo zokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a nyama zam'madzi ndi anatomy. M'modzi mwa maiko oyamba kumene azimayi anali ofanana ndi amuna omwe ali ndi amuna omwe akutenga ntchito, adakhala a USSR. Mu 1918, nkhani zapadera zogwirira ntchito zimayambitsidwa ku Soviet Russia, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti akatswiri omwe sakulola kuti azimayi azichita bwino.
Nthawi yomweyo, maufumu onse a Soviet anali malamulo omwe ofanana ndi amuna ndi akazi adavomerezedwa. Zaluso. Chipangano cha 19 cha Federation of Russian chikuwonetsa kuti amuna ndi akazi masiku ano ali ndi ufulu wolingana ndi mwayi wogwira ntchito, ndipo munthawi ya chitetezo cha Russia pali zolemba za ogwira ntchito, kuphatikiza mkazi. Amalembedwa ndi akatswiri omwe amaletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito azimayi ogwira ntchito.
Ogulitsa malamulo ndi chitetezo ku Russia amatsogozedwa ndi mfundo yoti mkaziyo aletsa kugwira ntchito m'mafakitale angapo, amasamalira, kuti ateteze thanzi la azimayi ndikukhalabe ndi mwayi wokhala mtsogolo.
Ndani sangathe kugwira ntchito ku Russia?
Ku USSR, mndandanda wa maluso omwe azimayi sangathe kugwira ntchito mwa chitetezo cha anthu mu 1932. Mu 1972, adayika zikalata zoyambirira za Code Yogwira Ntchito ku USSR. Mu 1978, mndandandawo udakulitsidwa ku ntchito 431, zomwe zidavomerezedwa ngati akazi. Mndandandawu ndi kuwonongeka kwa Ussr sizinasinthe. Mndandanda wazosachita ntchito za akazi ku Russia zomwe zidawonjezeredwa ku USSR, Zatsopano, motero adachulukitsa mpaka 456 ndi 2000.
Boma la Soviet, miyeso yoletsedwa pa ntchito ya azimayi m'mafakitale angapo adafotokozedwa chifukwa cha Council of Atumiki a Atumiki a USSR m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Pamndandanda wa ntchito, wozindikiridwa kuti ndi owopsa kwa akazi mu 2000, amagawika m'magulu 38, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yamiyala, yoyendera pamsewu, kuphatikiza kwa mankhwala ndi angapo a madera ena azachuma padziko lonse.
Posachedwa, Unduna wa Kugwira Ntchito Yankhondo ya Russia adakonzanso mndandanda waposachedwa, ndikuchotsa ntchito zingapo, zomwe masiku ano sizilinso, ndikuchotsa chiletso ntchito kwa akazi angapo:
- Woyendetsa njanji;
- woyendetsa galimoto;
- Kaputeni wa nyanja kapena mtsinje, etc.
Oimira ntchito ya ku Russia akusonyeza kuti kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito zina zatheka chifukwa cha luso laukadaulo, zokha komanso kuperekera mafakitale. Tsopano azimayi adzatha kugwira ntchito mu magwiridwe amenewo chifukwa chakuti malo ogwirira ntchito bwino kwambiri, chifukwa chake adachepetsa kuchepa kwa thanzi lachikazi.
Mndandanda watsopanowu udzalowa kuyambira Januware 1, 2021. Mmenemo, ntchito zoyipa zagawanika m'magawo. Mwambiri, mzimayi ku Russia ndipo masiku ano ndi oletsedwa kugwira ntchito yopanga zina zopanga m'mafakitale angapo:
- mankhwala;
- migodi;
- zitsulo;
- Kupanga zitsulo;
- mukamaphulitsa;
- mu mafuta ndi mafuta;
- Mu wakuda komanso wopanda chitsulo;
- Popanga zamagetsi ndi uilesi yayilesi;
- mu makampani apagetsi;
- pomanga zombo;
- pa ma pefuese opanga ma cellulose;
- mu malonda a simenti ndi kupanga kupita patsogolo;
- pokonzekera ntchito yosindikiza.
Gulu lirilonse lakhala ndi mndandanda wazinthu zapadera zomwe azimayi sangathe kugwira ntchito chifukwa cha ntchito zoopsa. Ntchitoyi idalandidwa pamndandanda, womwe sulinso chifukwa cha mitundu yamakono yopanga mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
Ntchito Zoyenera M'mayiko Osiyanasiyana
Zaka 70 za kupezeka kwa Ussr zidapangitsa mayiko akunja omwe akuwunikiranso chitetezo ndi momwe azimayi sangathe kugwira ntchito. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zamasikuma ano, ngakhale adachitapo kanthu mwachangu zamakono zamakono, m'maiko 104 pali chiletso pa akatswiri ndi ntchito ya mtundu wina wa akazi. Nthawi yomweyo, zoletsa zatsopano sizitha ndi kukula kwaukadaulo, koma zimangowonjezera.Mu 2016, akatswiri obanki adziko lonse adatumiza zambiri malinga ndi mayiko oposa 150, omwe chilembo chochepa chilamulo chimodzi chilipo, ndikuchepetsa ufulu wa mkazi kugwira ntchito. Kuletsa ndi zoletsa sizimagwirizana kokha ndi miyambo yachipembedzo komanso yachipembedzo, komanso ndi kupanga koopsa, komwe azimayi sangathe kugwira ntchito.
Ku China
Mu PRC chifukwa choletsedwa chonchi pa ntchito yolemera kwa akazi si. Amangoletsedwa kuphunzira zingapo za mafakitale ndi zapadera zina:
- uinjiniya wamigodi;
- kuyendayenda ndi bizinesi yoyenda;
- Ntchito yophulika ndi ena.
Chifukwa cha izi, amayi poyamba sangakhale otsutsana ndi zigawo zachumazo, komwe ntchito imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zoopsa komanso zovuta.
Kuletsedwa kokha pantchito yomwe mwachita mwalamulo kumagwira ntchito mu migodi pomwe azimayi achi China sangapeze ntchito molingana ndi malamulo oyenera.
Ku Pakistan
M'dziko lino, kumene azimayi ambiri amagwirabe ntchito yolipidwa, zoletsa pa ntchito ya azimayi zimakhudzidwanso ndi thanzi la akazi. Chifukwa chake, malamulo a Pakistan amaletsa akazi oyeretsa kuti asambe pansi ndi zida mu zokambirana panthawi yogwira ntchito maola ogwirira ntchito, pomwe makina ndi makina amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuyeretsa kumatha kuchitika kokha madzulo kapena usiku pomwe zida zaima.Ku Madagascar
M'dziko lino, lomwe likugwirizana ndi imodzi mwazinthu zosauka kwambiri, komanso ndizoletsa ntchito zingapo za akazi. Chifukwa chake, saloledwa kugwira ntchito ku mabizinesi omwe akuchita ntchito zamagetsi usiku. Amaletsedwanso kwa azimayi kuchita nawo ntchito yokhudzana ndi kukonzekera, kukonza ndi kugulitsa zosindikiza zamitundu mitundu zosiyanasiyana. Mwina ndichifukwa choti Chisindikizo cha zofalitsa zambiri mdziko muno chikuchitika ndi matekinoloje akale, omwe amapereka ntchito yotsogolera.
Ku Argentina
M'dziko lino, Latin America ili ndi chiletso cha azimayi okhudzana ndi mavuto ambiri. Sangagwire ntchito motere:- makina pama sitima;
- ozimitsa moto;
- mu ntchito yophulika;
- Popanga, pomwe pali ntchito yokhala ndi zinthu zoyaka ndi zitsulo zomwe zingawononge;
- mu mowa;
- mu malonda agalasi;
- pakupanga mizere yomwe zinthu zoopsa zimakhalapo;
- onyamula;
- Kuyendetsa kwa zinthu zotentha.
Munjira zambiri, mndandanda woletsa uja umawonetsa chuma cha mafakitale a argentine, pomwe pali ambiri mafakitale ovulaza ndipo amakono sanachitike kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ku France
M'dzikoli, azimayi amaletsedwa kugwira ntchito zapadera zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zolemera. Malonda omwe alipo amaletsa olemba anzawo ntchito kuti agwiritse ntchito akazi pa ntchito yokhudzana ndi kukweza katundu pa 25 kg pamanja ndi makilogalamu opitilira 45 paulendo. Pachifukwa ichi, ku France, azimayi samagwira ntchito ndi otumizira, opita nawo kapena oyendetsa. M'dziko lino, lomwe limawerengedwa kuti dziko lauzimu, mkazi nkovuta kupeza ntchito mwa amuna amuna okha. Chifukwa chake, mukatenga ntchito, wolima dimba, driver kapena automamer, mkazi amakana 22% nthawi zambiri kuposa bambo.
Mwambiri, zitha kuwoneka kuti zoletsedwa za ntchitoyi zimalumikizidwa, koposa zonse, ndizomwe zimachitika. Amayi achilengedwe sangathe kukwaniritsa ntchito zingapo zokhudzana ndi kukweza zolemera. Kuletsanso kumakhudzana ndi ntchito zomwe zimasokoneza mtsogolo kulera zachilengedwe za chiwalo ndipo kumatha kubweretsa kusabereka.
Kuletsa kuletsa kwa akazi angapo, komwe kunachitika ku Russia, kumafotokozedwa mwa kusintha mikhalidwe, kuwopsa kwa thanzi la azimayi.
