Supuni yasiliva (Zithunzi 27): Zithunzi Zamasamba Zanu zasiliva, Zida Zasiliva Zapamwamba, Zojambula

Supuni zasiliva zimawonedwa ngati chinthu choyenera munyumba iliyonse yomwe ana amakhala. M'nkhani yathu, tikuuzani kusamala ndi kusamalira bwino zida zodulidwa, ndipo chifukwa chake mwambowu wawoneka kuti uwapatse ana, ndipo ndi zopindulitsa bwanji za supuni yasiliva.

Mbiri yazakale

Spoons, ngati siliva, zidawonekera ku Roma wakale ndi Greece. Pa nthawi ya mibadwo ya Middle, nzika zokha ndi bwalo lachifumu zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zomangira ngati izi. Amakhala akuyenda pang'ono pambuyo pake - mu nthawi ya Renaissance. Kenako chizolowezi chopatsa mwana chizinga cha "pulawo wautumwi", adapangidwa ndi siliva, ndipo zodulidwazo zidakongoletsedwa ndi chithunzi cha namwali, Yesu Khristu ndi Angelo.

Kuchitira chuma chuma kunapatsa milungu yawo, ma spoons odziwika bwino kwambiri ndi mabanja otchuka adalandira zinthu zonse zasiliva. Pachikhalidwe, mwanayo adapereka supuni yokhala ndi chithunzi cha mtumwi, popereka ulemu womwe adalandira dzina lake. Komabe, sikuti aliyense amene angakwanitse kupereka mphatso yofananayo, yomwe ndi chifukwa chake kunawoneka mawu odziwika "Wobadwa ndi supuni ya siliva mkamwa," zomwe zikutanthauza kuti munthu adabadwa mu banja lomwe lili ndi zinthu zambiri.

Mu nthawi ya baroque, zosankha zina zokongoletsera za supuni zidawonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba - adayamba kuyika mapangidwe a vestive, malo madeshope ndi zithunzi zina.

Ku Russia, zithunzi zoterezi zimawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka chikwi zoyambirira. Chifukwa chake, mu 998, akalonga a Prince Vladimir adalandira ma supuni awa monga mphatso yotengera kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikhazikitso chachikristu komanso chodzala ndi chikunja.

M'dziko lathu, supuni ya siliva nthawi zonse imadziwika kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri komanso yokwera mtengo - sanaperekedwe kokha mawonekedwe a dzino loyamba, komanso kuti alowe mwana mu masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso adapatsidwa kumene kumene. Mabanja otetezedwa kwambiri adatola zosakanikirana ndi siliva, ngati kuti ana awo aakazi - mwamwambo adasamutsidwa kuchokera kwa amayi kupita ku mwana wake mibadwo.

Mtengo wofunika kwambiri nthawi zonse umadziwika kuti nthawi zonse umakhala wokhazikika kwambiri kuposa zida zobalalika, ngakhale supuni imodzi yokha yokhala ndi mfiti yodziwika bwino yomwe ingakhale ndi mtengo wopatsa chidwi.

Mwachitsanzo.

Padziko lonse lapansi, siliva wamitundu yaku Germany imayamikiridwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, Robbe & Berkik apereka zogulitsa zake kukhothi la Arab Sheikh ndi mfumukazi ya Chingerezi. Zogulitsa za Robert Freund, Franz Schnell Halle, ndipo Herbert zeitner, siotchuka kwenikweni.

Kuyamikiridwa kwambiri ndi matebulo a Chingerezi kuchokera ku Ma siliva William akuyamwa, Ridley Hayes , komanso zopangidwa ndi mabizinesi ena achi Danish. Mwa ambuye achi Russia, abale a ku Russia, Ovchinnikov, Sazikov, ndipo, ndipo, ambiri a iwo kale anali m'bwalo lamilandu yachifumu ya ku Russia, udindowu unali wolemekezeka, kotero mbale zamitundu iyi Nthawi zambiri ankapangidwa ndi chizindikiro chapadera chosiyana. Pakadali pano, zopangidwa ndi fakitale yankhondo zikufunika.

Masiku ano, mitengo yogwira ntchito ya ambuye amenewa silingatchulidwe kofooka, osati mamiliyoni okha omwe angakwanitse. Mwachitsanzo, supuni yasiliva yokhala ndi chithunzithunzi cha namwali, Masters Atsogoleri A A. Michelisen, omwe adagulitsidwa $ 230, pamtengo wa madola a Wizard amasiyanasiyana 50 mpaka 600 .

Miyezo yasiliva, yomwe idapangidwa mu XVIII-XVIII, xix zaka zambiri, siliva wokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndi siliva wotsika mtengo wa 655 - Kulemera kwa seti ndi kilogalamu yochulukirapo, zida zonse zokongoletsedwa ndi eni oogneram.

Zitsanzo ndi masitampu

Kukhalapo kwa zitsanzo pa chinthu chilichonse siliva kumayankhula za mtengo wake ndi chiyambi chabwino. Ngati mungatembenukire manambala, chizindikiro chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwasiliva kuli zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, Zitsanzo 925 zimatanthawuza kuti zikhalidwe zasiliva sizochepera 92,5%, komanso gawo la maakaunti a zinthu zosaposa 7.5%, mkuwa nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mosinkhasinkha, Okwera mtengo kwambiri ndi supuni ya ma 299: Zili ndi zosayera, zinthu izi zimakhala ndi mithunzi yama siliva yowala ndipo sizikhala ndi chimvula panthawi. Nthawi yomweyo, siliva ndi choyera - ndi chitsulo cha pulasitiki. Pakugwiritsa ntchito, ma spoons oterowo amakhala osavuta, ndipo patatha zaka zingapo, zipsera zazing'ono zimapangidwa pamalo awo ndi mtsuko, supuni yotereyi ndiosavuta kusweka.

Spoons opangidwa ndi zitsanzo za Alsoy 925 ndi kuphatikiza koyenera kwamphamvu yamakina ndi mawonekedwe a siliva. Thereos wa zitsanzo zina amasunga linga, koma pamene amagwiritsa ntchito chikasu chachikasu.

Nthawi zambiri ma supuni a 925 amaphimbidwa ndi zomanga kapena enamel, kuti asunge mawonekedwe okongola komanso mtundu wapadera.

Amadziwika kuti ku France, siliva kudula 950 ndi 900 zitsanzo zimapangidwa.

Pa ndowa zambiri zasiliva pali masitampu, amadziwika kuti ndi wabwino. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mdziko lililonse munthawi ino panali njira yake ya siliva. Mwachitsanzo, ku Germany isanafike 1988, panali kufalitsa ma skipple ambiri, komanso ku America mpaka pano kakhoti kamagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa zida zakale, nthawi zambiri pamakhala masitampu ambiri. Chifukwa chake, ma supuni aku Russia opangidwa mu theka lachiwiri la chaka chathachi ali ndi zilembo 5:

• Makina a digito akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwasiliva ku spools (nthawi zambiri pazitsulo 84, 88, komanso zitsanzo za 91);
• chaka choyesera (mwachitsanzo, 1854);
• Chizindikiro cha mbuye Yemwe adalemba malonda (oyambira okha nthawi zambiri amawukitsidwa);
• Mayina okhazikitsidwa ndi chipinda cha tebulo (mwachitsanzo, kwa Moscow ndi Georgy Goller);
• Master stigma, opangidwa ndi chipangizocho.

Ma supuni a ku Europe ku Europe anali ndi mawonekedwe awo amunthu. Chifukwa chake, pazogulitsa za ambuye a Chingerezi, mkango ukhoza kupezeka ndi khosi lokwezeka - iyi ndi chizindikiro kuti supuni yapangidwa ndi siliva. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikizapo masitampu a ntchito, komanso chithunzi cha chithunzi cha mfumu yolamulira.

Zabwino ndi zovuta

Ubwino wa Siliva umadziwika kuchokera nthawi zakale. Amakhulupirira kuti madzi okhudzana ndi zitsulo amayamba kuchiritsa machiritso ambiri ovuta. Zakudyazi zochokera pazitsulozi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi miyambo yachipembedzo, komanso kufunikira kwa chitsimikizo cha siliva omwe atsimikizika mu kafukufuku wa sayansi.

Idakhazikitsidwa kuti chitsulocho chimatha kupha ma virus, ndipo ndi siliva yemwe amawonetsa mawonekedwe ake a bactericidal mu voliyumu yayikulu. Pomutsatira apita mkuwa ndi golide. Ngati muli ndi supuni yasiliva, mutha kupanga madzi asiliva nthawi zonse. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kungotsitsa supu wamba mkati mwake ndikupirira firiji pafupifupi tsiku limodzi.

Siliva amatha kuwononga mitundu 700 ya mabakiteriya, pomwe masiku a Carbolic Ogwira ntchito bwino, maulendo 3.5 . Ndizachilendo kuti mabakiteriya sakhala ndi siliva, motero, ngakhale atagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nthawi yayitali, amasungabe mphamvu polimbana ndi microfdentic microflora.

Siliva wina wothandiza ndikuti azikenda ake amatha kusiyanitsa maselo athanzi kwa odwala omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino, potero kukhazikitsa madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi malo athanzi.

Izi ndikupanga chikhalidwe choyenera cha chinthu cha siliva "pamano" - kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopatsa chidwi, kukula komanso kudya kwa zitsulo zabwinozi, zomwe zili ndi chitukuko cha Ionic Za mabakiteriya, ma virus ndi tizilombo tina timene timakhala mu chakudya, mkamwa ndi m'mimba mwa anthu.

Nthawi yomweyo, silivayu ali ndi zovuta zake:

• Mukakumana ndi nyama ndi miyendo, siliva wayamba kuda nkhawa, zimafunikira chisamaliro chosalekeza;
• Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamitundu, siliva ndiyabwino msanga, mwachitsanzo, kumanzere mugalasi ndi supuni yamadzi yowira kuti musunge masekondi amenewo sikunatengedwe m'manja.
• Siliva Yotsika mtengo ndi osalimba komanso osasamala amayamba kusweka;
• Zovala zasiliva zosakanikirana pafupipafupi zimawonda ndipo zimatha kutenthetsedwa ndi zotsatira zamakina.

Kusanthula zabwino ndi zovuta za supuni zasiliva, mutha kudziwa zambiri - kugula zinthu zasiliva ndi cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi. Ndikwabwino kupeza siliva wa tebulo mokhazikika komanso pamisonkhano yayikulu ya banja.

Kodi Mungasiyanitse Bwanji ndi Meli Yopanda Meli Yopanda Ntchito?

Siliva nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi Melkior. Zachidziwikire, ngati mungagule chinthu m'sitolo, zonse zili zomveka, koma ngati mukupereka zinthu zomwe zabweretsa cholowa, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zikuyimira phindu lililonse. Mwamwayi Melchchior ndi ovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa ndi siliva kunyumba, koma ngati mukutsatira malingaliro ena, ndiye kuti ntchito yanu imasavuta.

• Yang'anani mosamala pa chitsanzo. Ngati ndinu supuni ku Melkior, ndiye kuti muwona chidule cha MTC, imakanidwa ngati mkuwa, nickel ndi zinc - ndi zitsulo zomwe ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za Alloy. Supuni zasiliva zitha kuyimilira zitsanzo zofala kwambiri zokhala ndi manambala angapo.
• Gwirani supuni m'madzi pafupifupi tsiku. Zogulitsa kuchokera ku siliva sizisintha mitundu yake, pomwe Melkiya amayamba maxidize ndikupeza mthunzi wobiriwira wobiriwira.
• Ngati muli ndi pensulo yowoneka bwino, mutha kuzigwiritsa ntchito: ingogwirani - Siliva sadzasinthika, pachakudya chachabe chomwe mungaonepo malo amdima.
• Yesani kuwunika ma supuni ambiri, ikani pamakala - Siliva ayenera kukhala wolemera kuposa Melkior.
• Ngati mungagule chinthu, lingalirani za mtengo wake . Ngati mwapatsidwa siliva pamtengo wotsika, ichi ndi chifukwa chabwino choganizira - ndizotheka kuti mukuyesetsa kupusitsa.
• Lowetsani kununkhira kwanu, Melchoir angadziwike ndi fungo la mkuwa. Pofuna kuti fungo lizikhala lodziwika bwino, supuni ndibwino kutaya pang'ono.
• Gwiritsani ntchito ayodine wamba: Draip pang'ono pa supuni ndikutenga dzuwa lowala - Malo amdima akuyenera kuwonekera pa siliva. Komabe, njirayi ili ndi vuto lakelo: mufunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kuyeretsa supuni yanu.
• M'malo mwa iodini, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chrokik. Siliva ayenera kupereka chofiyira chofiyira, ndipo zitsanzo zapamwamba, zimakhala zodzaza.

Musaiwale kuti m'mbuyomu, Melkionda ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zodulira, ndipo ngati muli ndi malonda osaphika, makamaka kuchitika kuchokera ku MNC ndipo amaphimbidwa ndi scaramung yopatukira.

Ngakhale kuti njira zilizonse zomwe zalembedwazi zikugwirizana ndi ogwira ntchito, munyumba zapakhomo kuti kusiyanitsa sivunja za Melkionda ndizovuta kwambiri. Ngati mukufuna 100% yolimba mtima, zimamveka kutembenukira kwa akatswiri obadwira, obwezeretsa kapena zikhalidwe - adzakuthandizani kuti apangidwene ndi chipangizo chachitsulo, komanso amathandizira kudziwa tsiku lopanga ndi mtengo.

Mitundu mitundu

Spoons Masiku ano akupezeka mmalo mwake, amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana, mithunzi, kukula kwake komanso cholinga.

Mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma spoons imaphatikiza njira 4.

• Canteen. Zipangizozi zimasinthidwa kuti ndigwiritse ntchito madzi amadzimadzi ndi mbale zoyambirira ku mbale yayikulu, komanso kugawa saladi ndi zakudya zina zokhwasula. Ku Russia, voliyumu yake ndi pafupifupi 18 ml.
• Chakudya . Chipangizocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbale zotsekemera komanso kuphika zomwe zimaperekedwa m'mapulogalamu ang'onoang'ono, komanso makapu ozama a msuzi ndi sopo. Kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi 10 ml.
• Tiyi. Cholinga chake ndikusakaniza shuga mugalasi, kuphatikizapo, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazotsekerera. Voliyumu ya supuni iyi ndi 5 ml.
• Khofi. Supuni iyi ndi yochepera 2 yochepera tiyi, voliyumu yake imafanana ndi 2.45 ml ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu ndi makapu ang'onoang'ono a khofi.

Timatulutsanso suxiki yothandiza.

• Bar. Ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chogwirizira chowoneka bwino, kumapeto kwake mpira wochepa uli. Ndioyenera kukonzekera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi ma dictails osiyanasiyana okhala ndi zigawo zingapo.
• Bouillon. Iwowo utatambalala pang'ono, ali wakuya kwambiri, umagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zamadzimadzi.
• Chitsekelero . Amagwiritsidwa ntchito potaya zakudya zotentha ndikuyika mbale yachiwiri pa mbale.
• Kumachimaliro . Zimasiyana mumitundu yaying'ono komanso mphuno yowongoka.
• Supuni ya arnche. Komwe akupita ndikuwonjezera shuga kuti mumwele zoledzeretsa izi.
• Zojambula. Ntchito kuyika kupanikizana, kupanikizana ndi kuzikuza kuchokera mu mbale kapena zitini m'maso ang'onoang'ono amodzi.
• Supuni ya mbatata. Mwamwayi, amafanana ndi ma tubers ndi china chake. Mbali zonse ziwiri zikutchedwa "makutu" - zimalepheretsa kugwa kwa kutentha kotentha kapena mbatata zophika mukamatha kulimbana ndi mbale.
• Supuni kwa zonunkhira. Cholinga chake chikuwonekera bwino. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kukula kokwanira ndipo kumabwera kwathunthu ndi zozizilitsa.

Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yonse ya zonsezi, mutha kupezapo mabowo a oysters, wowawasa, makandulo, komanso enaake ndi ena ambiri.

Malangizo posankha

Zaumoyo za anthu, makamaka wachibale wocheperako, ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa pogula supuni yasiliva ziyenera kumvetsera kwambiri. Ngati mukufuna kupereka supuni yokha ngati souvenir - ikhale yokwanira kukongoletsa wokongola, Koma ngati mungaganize zopereka mphatso yomwe idzagwiritsidwa ntchito podyetsa, ndiye kuti ingafunike satifiketi ya ukhondo ndi ukhondo kuchokera kwa wogulitsa.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito supuni, simuyenera kukayikira pang'ono kuti malonda amadziwika ndi mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito. . Kutsimikizika kwa satifiketi ndi umboni waukulu woti kugwiritsa ntchito zida za pabulo sikuopseza moyo wa mwana. Chikalatachi chimatsimikiziranso kuti malonda amapangidwa ndi chilengedwe chilengedwe chomwe chikugwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika.

Supuni iliyonse yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe imayenera kutsatira izi:

• ali ndi mipukutu ya mawonekedwe ozungulira, osakhala ndi mtsuko uliwonse ndi mitsuko yonse, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapangitsa kuvulala pakamwa pa kamwa ndi chilankhulo cha mwana;
• Chogwirizira chizikhala choyenera ngati nkotheka, ndikofunikira kuti m'mbali mwake m'mphepete mwake panali zovuta zina, zilola kuti mawu achite zambiri;
• Kukula kwa supuniyo kuyenera kuyankha mokwanira zochulukirapo za m'badwo ndi kukula kwa mwana;
• Zitsulo ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba kwambiri.

Pofuna kuti ma supuni mpaka atakhala kuti sakuthamangitsa, nthawi zambiri amaphimbidwa ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri 999. Mofananamo, kuwoneka kochititsa chidwi kwa zinthu kumasungidwa popanda tsankho ku zinthu zofunikira pa chitsulo.

Komabe, si onse omwe amakula ndi othandiza monga ma siliva. Mwachitsanzo, zojambula zasiliva zimawoneka zokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso moyenera, koma chifukwa cha izo, zinthu zonse zopindulitsa zasiliva zimatayika.

Nthawi zina kupereka chitsulo chachikulu chokulirapo. Ichi ndi chitsulo chabwino chomwe chimatha kuteteza zosankhazo chifukwa cha mayankho a mankhwala ndi kuwonongeka kwamakina. Siliva yokhala ndi zophatikizana ngati izi zikuwoneka bwino, ndipo zimapangitsa zitsulo kuti zisagonjetsedwe. Siliva ya Rhodium kwa nthawi yayitali amasunga zokongoletsera zachitsulo zachitsulo, komabe, kufa kwa ma virus ndi mabakiteriya omwe ali ndi mabotolo okhudzana ndi ma spoons oterewa sichimachitika.

Supuni ya siliva yasiliva imakutidwa ndi varnish - Zodula zotere sizigwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi cholinga chawo chachindunji, amagwira ntchito zokongoletsera komanso zauzimu. Varnish imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa siliva kokha kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimaperekedwa posungira nthawi yayitali, zosemphana zimatha kusungidwa ndi ndalama zazitali, zimalepheretsa makutidwe ndi mawonekedwe a patina, koma mukamacheza ndi chakudya.

Zogulitsa za chikumbutso zimaphatikizidwanso Supuni zasiliva, zokutira zasiliva. Zovala zamtunduwu zimawoneka zapamwamba, koma sizilola siliva kuti ziwonetsetse kuti awonso kuchiritsa.

Mitundu yonse ya zokumba, kupatula siliva wa zitsanzo za 999, zimachepetsa mphamvu zamachiritso, kuletsa kulowa kwa ma ion kukhala chakudya, ndipo zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti ziweto zizikhala zopanda ntchito.

Ponena za kapangidwe kakale, m'zaka zaposachedwa, m'zaka zaposachedwa, mayina omwe ali ndi zojambula nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa, zida za mngelo wokhala ndi zodiac.

M'mawonekedwe awo, supuni za mwana, chifukwa abambo ndi amai amasiyana.

Kusungira ndi kusamalira

Masiku ano, kusankha kwa njira zamagalimoto sikungakuthandizeni - mutha kupeza mankhwala oyenera m'sitolo iliyonse yazachuma, Koma chikhalidwe chamakhalidwe otchuka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi agogo athu ndi agogo athu.

• Zili bwino kwambiri zimatsuka siliva. Kuti muchite izi, ndikungotulutsa mabowo kwa ola limodzi kuti muthe kumwa mowa mosakanikirana ndi madzi mochuluka kwa 1 mpaka 10. Ngati mulibe nthawi yodikira, mbewa ndi kuyamba Chogulitsacho monga momwe mungathere, mpaka kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa mawanga. Kumbukirani kuti siliva wokhala ndi zakuda mwanjira imeneyi sikulimbikitsidwa.
• Kubwerera kununkhira kwa siliva, decoction ya mbatata yatsimikizira bwino. Pofuna kuchotsa mdima, muyenera kuyika supuni yasiliva mmenemo kwa kotala la ola limodzi, ndipo poyambira kale chipangizocho chidzawoneka ngati chatsopano.
• Kuyeretsa bwino siliva. Ikani supuni mu yankho lake lokhazikika kwa mphindi zochepa, ndipo posakhalitsa mudzawala ndi glitter yozizira.
• Osungunulira asiliva amayeretsedwa ndi phulusa la fodya. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kusakaniza ndi madzi, wiritsani mu spoon yopangidwa, pambuyo pake kadulidwe umafunika kupukuta bwino. Kapenanso, mutha kusakaniza phulusa ndi mandimu, ndipo pa kapangidwe kake kuti mugwire malonda.
• Mphamvu yabwino imapereka koloko ya chakudya, makamaka ngati ma shars ambiri adawonekera pa supuni. Zotsatira za machitidwe pano ndizosavuta - mumangofunika kutuluka chopukutira, kudumpha koloko ndi kupukuta malowa mpaka atatheratu.

Ngati mulibe chilichonse pamwambapa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wamano mano wamba. Ndikofunikira kuziyika pa nsanza zofewa, ndikupukuta supuni.

Za momwe mungakhalire odula (Melchor, siliva, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri) ndi mbale zina, yang'anani mu kanema pansipa.