Storts pagolide - gawo lofunikira la malonda omwe akuwonetsa kuti kukongoletsa kwa masiku ano. Wogula aliyense ayenera kudziwa zomwe stamp imawoneka, pomwe iyenera kupezeka komanso momwe mungasiyanitse zokongoletsera zenizeni kuchokera kwabodza.
Ndi chiyani?
Sitampu pagolide ndi chizindikiro chapadera chomwe chimachita ngati chitsimikiziro cha zitsanzozo. Zodzikongoletsera zilizonse zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali ziyenera kuchitika poyesedwa ndi chizindikiro. Pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro ichi, wogula azitha kumvetsetsa momwe alloy adapangira zokongoletsera, yemwe amapangidwa ndipo liti.
Chizindikiro ndi njira yovomerezeka pafupifupi iliyonse. Pa gawo la Russia pazochita izi zimati boma la State tubere pansi pa kuyang'anira kwa feduro. Kugwiritsa ntchito kazinga kumapangidwa malinga ndi mtundu umodzi, womwe umavomerezedwa ndi mabungwe aboma. Kulemba chizindikiro kumaloledwa pokhapokha malonda atamangidwanso pampando.
Mwanjira ina, chizindikiro cha boma amachita monga chiwonetsero cha mtundu wa alloy wogulitsidwa . Wogula, powona sitampu, onetsetsani kuti zokongoletserazi zidayang'aniridwa kale ndi akatswiri ndikufanana ndi mawonekedwe ake. M'makampani odzikongoletseramo pali malamulo angapo malinga ndi zikwangwani zomwe zimachitika. Malinga ndi miyezo yomwe yakhazikitsidwa, kusala sikuyenera kuwononga zokongoletsera, motero amayikidwa m'malo odera.
- Pa gawo losawoneka bwino. M'mphetezo ndi mbali yakumbuyo, pa Clasp, carbines of ina. Mu cabins pa omwe ali ndi chizindikiro.
- Zambiri zingapo za chinthu chimodzi zidzalangidwa mosiyana.
- Ngati tikulankhula za zinthu zamkati, mbale yowonjezera yopangidwa ndi iloy yofananira iyenera kupezeka pa nkhani ndi luso laluso. Imaphatikizidwa ndi kusala.
Mbiri yazakale
Chubu choyesera chidawonekera ku Russia ku NTHAWI YA XVII. Zodzikongoletsera zolembedwa ndi ku Moscow, mu mzere wasiliva. Panthawiyo, malowo anali yekhayo, pomwe anali kungathe kuthana ndi kuzindikira kwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Pakadali pano, osati zodzikongoletsera zokhazokha zomwe zimapangidwa, komanso zida zina zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali. Kuyesedwa kwaukadaulo kumapangidwanso m'chipindacho, komanso kuwongolera kusanthula kwa oyang'anira, miyala yamtengo wapatali.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba zodzikongoletsera, zodzikongoletsera zidalembedwa Mu 1651-1655. Pamalo pake adawonetsedwa Mphungu yokhala ndi mitu iwiri, pafupi ndi komwe kunali deti lopanga. Poyamba, zizindikiro zodziwika bwino sizinapezeke pa sitampu, koma zosindikiza zoterezi zidangoyesedwa kokha mayeso okha kuposa 83. Chizindikiro chofananachi nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi ndalama zambiri, zomwe zimatengedwa zodzikongoletsera zodzikongoletsera.
Chitsanzo chachitsanzo cha Spopling ku Tsaristist Russia zidachitika mpaka mphindiyo sizinayambike zamakono. Dongosolo lotere lidamangidwa mu mapaundi a Russia, omwe amalemera 0,4 makilogalamu ndipo anali ndi ndodo 96. Chifukwa chake, mankhwala opangidwa ndi golide woyenga bwino anapatsa kusokonekera 96.
Motero, 48 zitsanzo zili ndi theka lokha la chitsulo chamtengo wapatali.
Kodi pali chiyani?
Chitsamba chamayiko osiyanasiyana chitha kukhala osiyana pakati pawo, chifukwa boma lililonse limapanga zojambula zake. Mwachitsanzo, ku Belaruus, njati zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachiwonetsero cha chitsulo chamtengo wapatali. Golide wa ku Russia, mitundu yotsatirayi ya zizindikiro za boma idagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- "Tee". Sitampu yotereyi idakhazikitsidwa mpaka 1896, zimawoneka ngati taye, pomwe ziwonetserozo zimawoloka ndi kusokonezeka, chaka chopanga, chovala ndi dzina loyamba la munthu wopenderera. Mpaka 1897, chikwangwani chinali ndi mafomu a convax. M'tsogolomu, adayamba kuchita kukhumudwa.
- Mu 1899, chikwangwani chatsopano chidawonekera, chomwe chimawoneka ngati Msungwana ku Kokoshnik mu mbiri kumanzere.
- Kuyambira mu 1908 mpaka 1927, ku Russia adayamba ku zokongoletsera zamitundu ndi Chikondi cha mtsikanayo ku kokoshnik, koma mu mbiri kumanja . Ndi chizindikiro cha kalata yachi Greek. Zinasinthidwa malinga ndi mzinda.
- Mu 1927, ku Ussr adayamba kusanja Kugwira mutu ndi nyundo.
- Mu 1958, Golide wa Soviet adayamba kuyika Kusala, komwe kumatchedwa Marko mkhalidwe ku USSR. Zinkawoneka ngati nyenyezi yopanda tanthauzo la chikwangwani ndi chikopa cha nyundo mkati. Chizindikiro choterocho chinayikidwa zodzikongoletsera zokha.
Zokongoletsera zamakono zamakono zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali Mutu wa akazi ku kokoshnik ndi mbiri . Pakona yam'munsi pomwe adayika kalatayo-Cipari ya kuyendera kwa Boma la Kuyang'aniridwa kwa Chipata. M'makampani odzikongoletsera, machitidwe angapo olowera amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pogwiritsa ntchito muyeso uwu, zitha kumvedwa kuti ndi golide wa golide umakhala ndi sprice walloy.
Cholema
Kachitidwe chotere Atsogoleri akunja ochokera kumayiko aku Europe ndi United States amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chitsanzo chimaphatikizidwa mu kararats ndikuwonetsa momwe magawo angati osinthika amakhalira 24 magawo a Alloy.Meto
Njira yodziwika kwambiri. Zogwirizana ndi mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, komanso ku Russia. Kugwiritsa ntchito ku Austria, Great Britain, Hungary, Denmark, Latvia, Sweden ndi m'maiko ena.
Chrol
Ntchito mu ufumu wa Russia, womwe unali wofunikira ku Soviet Union. Pakadali pano Zosafunika. Kugwedezaku kumawoneka ngati chonchi: kumawonetsa madera agolide angati mu magawo 96 a Alloy.
Mafuta
Kachitidwe chotere Kugwiritsa ntchito zaka zapakati pafupi ndi anthu aku Western Europe: Aset, Ajeremani ndi Scandinavians. M'masiku amenewo, zitsulo zambiri zamtengo wapatali zimayesedwa ndi masitampu, zomwe zinali ndi mamita 16. Chitsanzo chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zomwe zili mu mtundu umodzi.
Pazinthu zopangidwa, kuwonjezera pa masitampu, kuyesa kwa golide kukuwonetsedwa.
- 375 chitsanzo - Uwu ndiye chitsulo chotsika mtengo kwambiri. Muli ndi 37.5% ya metallol yamtengo wapatali, ndipo ena onse ndi siliva ndi mkuwa. Mtundu wokongoletsera umadalira momwe kuchuluka kwa zitsulo kumapambana.
- 385 Chitsanzo Nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zodzikongoletsera ku Russia. Golide ndende ya 58.5%. Ena onse ndi siliva pazochuluka za 33.5% ndi mkuwa. The Alloy imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhazikika, chikaso komanso chofiyira chofiyira.
- Tsopano zoyera Mayeso 585 momwe palladium ndi nickel ilipo.
- Zodzikongoletsera 750 - ili ndi gulu lodula komanso labwino kwambiri. Kuchokera kuzotheka ngati mungathe kupanga zinthu zokhala ndi zodzikongoletsera, chifukwa kusinthasintha pokonzanso. Kuchuluka kwa golide mu chilocha chotere ndi 75%.
- 999 sampu - Ndi golide woyenga bwino. Zogulitsa zimakhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri. Zimasiyana ndi mtundu wowala komanso kufooka. Zida zoterezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga imets.
Makampani ena, monga Faberge, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazogulitsa zawo Masitampu amunthu . Pali mitundu ingapo yolembedwa. Zinthu zitha kukhala ndi zilembo "k" kapena "kf", pazinthu zina ndi "Faberge" kapena "kuti" kuyenda ".
Kwa opanga maonidwe aku Europe kapena ku London nthambi zidasandulika Faber.
Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito
Mtundu wa kugwiritsa ntchito akhoza kusiyanasiyana pamaziko a zinthu zoterezi:
- zovuta za ntchito;
- Mawonekedwe a malo a miyala (ngati alipo);
- mawonekedwe;
- kapangidwe.
Pali njira zotsatirazi.
Zazitsulo
Ndimaona njira yovuta yomwe yakhazikitsidwa Kukonza stigma ndi kuthamanga kwa thupi . Lingafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito kachilombo ka Hice, momwe malonda amakonzedwa, komanso jackham. Njirayi imawonedwa kuti ndikhale okalamba, adayambanso kubwerera m'zaka za XVII.
Ulemu wa ntchito yamakina Ndiwo wabwino kwambiri wa chizindikiro chodwala: sichikufafaniza pakapita kanthawi ndipo sichimanyamula zovulaza kuti chikongoletse. Ndi njira iyi, sitampu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa 80% ya zinthu.
Pakadali pano, chizindikirocho chimatha kuphatikizidwa zokha, chifukwa zikakulu ndi zoletsedwa sizimasiyidwa.
Electospur
Adzagwiritsa ntchito stampu. Chifukwa cha zomwe kujambula komwe kumayikidwa bwino. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale pa zokongoletsera zolimba kapena zazing'ono kwambiri. Ogwilizana Kuyambira 1967.
Laser
Ntchito imakhudzidwa Kukhazikitsa kwa laser. Kujambulitsa pang'ono komanso kutsutsa. Kusala kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimba komanso kupirira. Komabe, muyenera kuzindikira zokolola zochepa panjira iyi. Laser sangathe kuyesa zinthu zoposa 600. Zina mwazodalirika ndikusintha njirayi: sitampu imayikidwa mbali iliyonse ya zokongoletsera.
Tanthauzo la dzinalo
Dzinali liyenera kutsagana ndi kusala ndipo ili ndi izi:
- nambala ya wopanga;
- chaka chopanga zilembo zolembera;
- Ciperi ya State Inspectorate ya The Filist ya The Starts, yomwe ili ndi zoyambira za wopanga.
Dzinalo la dzinalo limapezeka mu chimango choyambirira, chomwe sichiri kutali ndi sitampu. Podziwa kuti chidule ichi chili chokha, mutha kudziwa zambiri zazogulitsa.
Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji zabodza?
M'mbuyomu, kusokonekera kunagwidwa, kotero zinali zovuta kugula zabodza. Jeweler ali aliyense amatha kuwona izi patsogolo pake kapena ayi. Lero Milandu yomaliza ya masitampu abodza Chifukwa chake wogula aliyense ayenera kudziwa kusiyanitsa choyambirira ndi zabodza.
Pofuna kuphunzira sitampu pazinthu, zimatsata Gwiritsani ntchito galasi lokulitsa, lomwe lili ndi zowonjezera zazikulu. Kukongoletsa Pre-Kulimbikitsidwa kuti muzimutsuka bwino kuti muchotse zinyalala kuchokera ku Hpadin. Masitampu abodza ali ofanana ndi eni ake okha, okhala ndi kuyendera koyambirira. Koma ngati mungayang'ane tsatanetsatane, mutha kuwona zosagwirizana.
- Zitsanzo ziyenera kukhala zomveka komanso zosalala. Ngati manambala osasinthika alipo, izi zikusonyeza kuti m'manja mwake ndi zabodza. Koma kusagwirizana kwenikweni sikulankhula nthawi zonse za kusavomereza kwa zitsanzo, chifukwa zizindikiro zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi dzanja. Ngakhale chodabwitsa chotere chimawonedwa ngati zosiyana.
- Mtundu wa kusala. Golide ayenera kusala, yomwe imakwaniritsa miyezo yotchulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kwa nkhani ya Russia komwe kuli gawo lalikulu payenera kukhala msungwana ku Kokoshnik, kumanja komwe amafunsira ndi kusokonezeka, ndipo kumanzere - chilembo cha kuyesa komwe kumayika.
- Pazinthu zogulitsa kunja Chitsanzo chikusonyezedwa mu kararats, pafupi ndi stigma ya mbadwa ya m'chipindacho.
Momwe mungasiyane ndi zabodza kuchokera ku zinthu zoyambirira zagolide - malangizo ochepa omwe ali pansipa.