Kupanga kulikonse kumakhala kovuta kanjira zokhudzana ndi ukadaulo womwe wagawidwa kukhala woyamba, komanso kupereka ndi kukulitsa. Malo ofunikira mu unyolo ndi waluso lasayansi, yomwe ndi yolumikizana yayikulu yopanga chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsa kwatsopano. Katswiri uyu amatenga gawo lalikulunso lililonse. Chifukwa chake, munthu yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chofunikira komanso maluso sadzasiyidwa popanda ntchito komanso ndalama zoyenera.
Tiyeni tingoyang'ana kwambiri mafotokozedwe a positi ndi zofuna zofunsira pamalowa.
Pezulia
Omasuliridwa kuchokera ku Latin "mainjiniya" akutanthauza "katulutsiro" - ndiye kuti, munthu amene amayambitsa kusankha njira zosinthira chimodzi kapena wina. Mwanjira ina, uyu ndi munthu amene amayambitsa. Katswiri wa ukadaulo - mainjiniya amene amachititsa bungwe labwino la njira yaukadaulo ndi kupanga. Monga gawo lapaderali, njira zitatu zazikuluzikulu zimasiyanitsidwa:
- zochitika zopatsa chidwi ndi zasayansi;
- ntchito ya kapangidwe;
- Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo pakupanga.
Cholinga chachikulu, chomwe chimayikidwa patsogolo pa wogwira ntchito pamalo a waluso aukadaulo ndi wopanga, amachepetsedwa kuti akonzenso bwino njira zopangira zopangira.
Monga ntchito ina iliyonse, ntchito yaukadaulo ili ndi zabwino zake komanso zowawa zake. Chifukwa chake, matekinoloje apaanja ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri:
- kufunikira kwa ntchitoyi;
- kuthekera kosankha malingaliro pamsika wa antchito;
- kuchuluka kwa malipiro apamwamba pamaso pa opikisana nawo;
- kuthekera kwa ntchito;
- Mpikisano wofooka.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndipo mbali zawo zoyipa zimapezeka kwa iwo:
- Udindo wowonjezeredwa;
- chiopsezo chachikulu chovulala panthawi ya ntchito;
- Kulumikizana ndi zinthu zovulaza.
Mkhalidwe wa katswiri wa ukadaulo umatenga kupezeka kwa chidziwitso chofunikira m'mbali zonse ndi malangizo ofananira.
Munthuyu ayenera kuchita modzipereka, ayenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi moyo wokhazikika komanso wofunitsitsa kuti apititse bwino maluso ake, chidziwitso ndi maluso.
Maudindo
Malinga ndi pulofesa yemwe watchulidwa mu ectc, Malangizo ovomerezeka a wogwira ntchitoyo pamalo a mainjiniya-ukadaulo umaphatikizapo ntchito zotsatirazi.
- Kukoka ndikukhazikitsa njira zoyeserera Kukula kwa mpikisano wopangidwa , kuchepetsa ndalama zakuthupi ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito pamagawo onse azomera.
- Kulenga ndi kukhazikitsa njira zothandiza zaukadaulo kwambiri , zida zamakono, njira ndi mayankho pamalingaliro azokhama ndi makina.
- Kusintha Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira.
- Kugawana Njira Zonse popanga.
- Kuwerengera kwachuma Kuchulukitsa.
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kukonzekera Zida, mafuta, komanso zida.
- Kujambula ziweto zogona m'zochitika za mafakitale, Kupereka Ntchito, kuwunikira zida zowongolera ndikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito malo opangira.
- Khazikikani njira yokonzanso , Chitukuko cha njira yodziwika bwino.
- Kupanga kwa Katswiri Waluso Kugwedezeka, kukonzanso, komanso chida.
- Kukwaniritsa miyezo Pangani magulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje, makhadi a Route, komanso zolemba zina, njira ina kapena ina yogwirizana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa katundu.
- Kusintha muzolemba zaukadaulo ngati pakufunika kutero.
- Kutenga nawo mbali pakufufuza ndi kuchitika Zosintha.
- Mgwirizano wa zolemba ndi magulu oyandikana nawo kampaniyo.
- Uzongole Maphunziro oyesera Kukhazikitsidwa kwa matekinoloje apamwamba.
- Kuchita ntchito ndi Kulembetsa Ntchito Zogwiritsa Ntchito Pamatents ndi Prototypes.
- Kukula kwa dongosolo la zochitika kumayang'ana Kupititsa patsogolo zokolola, Kuyambitsa kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso zakunja pakupanga.
- Mapangidwe ovuta pantchito yothandiza kwambiri komanso yothandiza kwambiri yopanga mphamvu zomwe zilipo ndikuwongolera matekinoloje omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Kutenga nawo mbali B. Kuphatikizika kwa mapulogalamu oyang'anira Zopanga zopanga.
- Welenga Zoyambitsa zazikulu zazomera zaukwati ndi mtundu wabwino wa malonda omwe amapangidwa. Kukula kwa machitidwe a njira zothetseranso komanso kupewa.
- Lamula Kutha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zopanga ndi ntchito yogwira ntchito ndi kulondola kwa zida.
- Kuganizira zosonyeza malingaliro oyenera Pofuna kukonza matekinoloje omwe alipo omwe analipo kale, kupanga kuwunika katswiri pa kuthekera kapena kusayenera kukwaniritsa.
Chidziwitso ndi Luso
Waukadaulo waluso waluso ayenera kudziwika bwino:
- Zojambula zaukadaulo zopanga chinsinsi chopanga;
- Kapangidwe ka zinthu zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso chomaliza, mawonekedwe a zinthu;
- Njira zazikuluzikulu ndi zosankha zopanga njira zomwe zilipo zaukadaulo zomwe zilipo;
- Malamulo, zisankho, malangizo, enanso komanso zolemba zina zosonyeza njira zopangira;
- Ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka zida, zofuna zake kukonza, njira zoyambira pantchito yawo ndi zovomerezeka;
- ntchito yaukadaulo ndi ukadaulo waukadaulo;
- Miyezo yoyambira yazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa;
- adakhazikitsa ma ghost, miyezo ndi miyambo;
- Zizindikiro zachuma zopanga zopanga;
- Maukwati ovomerezeka, njira zochenjeza ndi kuchotsera njira;
- Mfundo za Gulu Logwira Ntchito;
- njira zoyambira kulumikizana ndi mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito gawo la IT mu gawo;
- Zofunikira zovomerezeka pamapangidwe a malembedwe aukadaulo ndi kupereka malipoti;
- Zolemba zazikulu zachuma ndi ergonomics;
- Kudziwa za TK RF;
- miyambo yomwe ilipo ya TB ndi ukhondo wa mafakitale, komanso malamulo oteteza moto ndi malamulo otetezedwa.
- Malamulo a kulumikizana bizinesi ndi oyang'anira, ogwira nawo ntchito;
- Kudziwa mapulogalamu apakompyuta.
Wogwiritsa ntchito mainjiniya ndi wogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, ayenera kukhala bwino kumvetsetsa zovuta zomwe zimapanga.
Ndiye katswiriyu amene amachititsa kuti zinthu zikuyendere bwino zinthu, kupitiliza kwa njira zaukadaulo komanso kuthamanga kwawo.
Ndiye chifukwa chake, kupatula chidziwitso chozama chaluso, Wogwira ntchitoyo ayenera kukhala ndi luso labwino la oyang'anira. Popeza ndi kuchokera m'gulu la ntchito yothandiza pantchito yogwirizana imadalira kwambiri momwe zonse zimapangidwira.
Mayiko a mainjiniya-technicy amasangokhala ndi luso lapadera komanso luso lapadera, komanso luso lakhalidwe linalake. Pogonjera kwa wogwira ntchitoyo ali osachepera ogwira ntchito khumi ndi awiri, motero kuthekera Kwake poyerekeza kulumikizana komanso kutaya zinthu moyenera mu njira zambiri kumadalira pakupanga kokwanira.
Makhalidwe ofunikira kwa munthu wosankhidwa kuti atengedwe katswiri wa maiyusikizidwe a injiniya amakankhidwa:
- luso la mabungwe;
- kuchuluka kwa kudziletsa;
- chidwi mwatsatanetsatane;
- Kuchita bwino mukamagwira ntchito ndi njira ndi zojambula;
- makamaka;
- kudziletsa;
- kupirira, kupirira ndi kudzipereka;
- Kuganiza kosaka;
- Kuthamanga kwambiri;
- Kulakalaka kwa kusintha kwa maluso ndi chidziwitso chawo;
- kuthekera kuloweza mitundu yayikulu;
- Kusunga ndi kudziletsa;
- Kulumikizana;
- kulimbikira ntchito;
- kusunga nthawi.
Mwambiri, mndandandawu ukhoza kukhala zosiyanasiyana, zimatengera makampani omwe gulu laukadaulo lidzagwira ntchito. Monga lamulo, manejala aliyense amapereka zofunika pazinthu zantchito.
Maphunziro
Molingana ndi lingaliro lalikulu, ukadaulo wabisidwa zingapo, zimadalira chinsinsi cha kupanga ndi luso la kampani. Ngakhale mitundu yomwe ilipo kale ntchito iyi, mulimonsemo, kuti mutenge malo a wophunzira wamkulu, luso lapamwamba kwambiri kapena sekondale pa mbiri yaukadaulo iyenera kupezeka. Maphunziro apadera-apakati amapezeka kumapeto kwa maphunziro a 9 kusukulu, adaphunzira kusukulu / sukulu yaukadaulo ya zaka 3-4. Kuti akhale eni "nsanja"
Kudutsa komwe kumatchulidwa kumayiko kumatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi gawo lopeza maphunziro, komanso kuchuluka kwake kutchuka. Kuphunzitsa kungakhale kwaulere kapena kuchitika pamalonda, mtengo ku Russia ndi ma ruble 20-110,000. pachaka. Kuti muvomereze kuti muchepetse zinthu zotere Masamu, sayansi ndi mapemphero.
Zokonda zimaperekedwa kwa omaliza maphunziro a tsiku la kuphunzira, Maphunziro a ABSPEE amaloledwa pokhapokha ngati pali zokumana nazo zabwino zomwe zasankhidwa.
M'dziko lathuli pali mayunivesite pafupifupi 110 mawerengero oposa 200 omwe amalola maphunziro a omaliza maphunziro a maphunziro kuti alembetse malo opangira mainjini.
malipiro apakati
Mlingo wamalonda wa injiniya - wophunzila zaukadaulo makamaka zimatengera zochitika zina, zomwe zimagwira ntchito, komanso dera. Ngati titanyamula zisonyezo pamaziko a zomwe zalembedwazo, nthawi zambiri, ndi Russian Federation, Kulipira kwa Injiniya
- Malipiro ochepera - ma ruble 25,000;
- Pafupifupi malipiro ogwira ntchito - ma ruble 50,000;
- Mlingo waukulu kwambiri uli ndi ma ruble 450-50,000.
Chizindikiro ichi ndi chambiri, chimatha kukhala chosiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi malipiro a malipiro a maudindo:
- Katswiri Wamphamvu - Kuchuluka kwa ma ruble a 66-70,000;
- Chigawo cha Inter Kapena mutu wa dipatimenti yaukadaulo ndi ukadaulo umalandira ma ruble pafupifupi 55-60 zikwi ziwiri;
- Mainjiniya obzala Imalandira ma ruble 40,000.
Ngati timalankhula za malipiro wamba ndi zigawo za Russian Federation, chithunzicho chokhala ndi malipiro wamba chikuwoneka chotere:
- Moscow - ma ruble 75;
- Vladivostok - ma ruble 60,000;
- Ekaterinburg - 48-50,000,000,000;
- Rostov-On-Don - ma ruble ma ruble 40;
- Kazan - ma ruble 40,000.
Kumene Kugwira Ntchito?
Mndandanda wa malo opanga omwe amafunikira kupezeka kovomerezeka mu injini ya State-Technioscist ndikosangalatsa. Kutengera mtundu wosankhidwa pakukonzekera, wogwira ntchito ndi luso lofunikira komanso maluso atha kutenga nawo mbali m'mafakitale otsatirawa.
- Chakudya - Makampani ophika ndi kuphika, kupanga mkaka ndi lactic acid zinthu, mabizinesi opanga nyama, makina othandizira.
- Kuwala - Ubweya, kusoka, komanso kupanga kapangidwe kake.
- Mankhala - Zokambirana zopanga mankhwala, zodzoladzola, komanso zomangira, konkriti, ndi zina.
- Makina Ogwiritsa Ntchito ndi Chida Chopanga - Masitolo amagetsi, mafamu apadziko lapansi, CNC, kapangidwe kake kazinga, mphamvu zimaphatikiza, mafuta ndi mafuta ndi mafuta ndi mafakitale pakukonza zida.
- Metallingo ndi zonchi - Kupanga zitsulo ndi zowongolera, kutentha mankhwala a ore, mafakitale a coke, migodi ndi popanga makampani.
- Kukonza Mafuta - Kupanga kuchotsera ndi kukonza mafuta, kupanga mafuta ndi zinthu, mayankho obowola, kupanga mankhwala a Petrochemical, mabizinesi a kuperekera mafuta.
- Ukachenjede watekinoloje.
- Makampani osindikiza.
Nchito
Munthu amene ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa kuti akhale ndi mainjiniya - tentrastrast ya ukadaulo popanda kuchita zovuta, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yazambiri pa njira yaukadaulo - technolojes omwe ali ndi zaka zitatu. Chifukwa chake, munthu wopanda ntchito kuntchito angayenere ntchito kuchitika kwa chiwembu chotsatira.
- Katswiri wa III - Wogwira ntchito yemwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba, komanso chidziwitso chaching'ono chomwe chimapezeka pophunzitsa, kapena kukhala ndi luso laukadaulo popanda ziyeneretso.
- Katswiri wa II - Wogwira ntchito yemwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba, ndipo kuphatikizapo, zokumana nazo paukadaulo-testiculosic iii mgulu kapena matalala matalala kwa zaka zosachepera zitatu.
- Katswiri waina - Injiniya yemwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba, komanso chidziwitso cha mainjiniya-uinjiniya wa II wa gulu osachepera zaka 3.
