Rhodium ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali komanso chodziwika bwino kwa okonda miyala yamtengo wapatali. Kupasuka kwa Rhodium kumalepheretsa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino pamalonda ndi zopangidwa pazinthu zamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimathandizira kuteteza koyambirira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ndi chiyani?
Rhodium ndi gawo la mankhwala N45 kuchokera pagome la nthawi ya Mendeleev, chokhudzana ndi zitsulo zabwino za gulu la Platinamu. Zomwe zidatsegulidwa ndi Britain William Hydov Vallaston mu 1803 pogwira ntchito ndi Platinamu yankho la Phupnim. Mmenemo, katswiri wa zamankhwala adapeza chinthu chowala cha pinki, chotchedwa dzina la Rodi, lomwe lidamasulira ku Greek limatanthawuza "Rose".
RHodium ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zamtundu wamtengo wapatali, Zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuchotsera kwake kuchokera ku platina pamlingo wa mafakitale. Mwachilengedwe, imakhalapo m'magulu a mchere, kuphatikizapo mapulaneti angapo nthawi imodzi. Akatswiri azindikire kuti kupeza 1 makilogalamu a chitsulo ichi pamafunika matani angapo a platinamu. Vollarstan adatsindika Rhodium motere: Pambuyo pa kapangidwe ka sodium hydrogen mchere wa picheni wa hydrogeni wokha amalandila madontho ochepa.
Pambuyo pake ndi zoyesayesa za Pulofesa Lebedinsky zidatsegulidwa njira yatsopano yogawa Rhodium - Zovuta pa yankho la mchere wamchere ndi ozizira. Zotsatira zake, kuzizira pa yankho kunayamba kumtunda, kuperekedwa ndi mankhwala a Rhodium ndi Irodia. Njirayi inali yofalikira m'makampani a mankhwala ndipo ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito. Mpaka pano, mothandizidwa ndi njira ya Lebedinsky, dongosolo la matani 30 a chitsulo choyera amamasulidwa chaka chilichonse.
Njira yoyeserera yolekanitsa pulasitinamu ndikupeza Rodium yoyera kwambiri idatchedwa ogwirizana.
Monga mawonekedwe a Rhodium, mithunzi yofiirira ya pinki imakhala yokhazikika pazomera zake, pomwe zitsulo zimawoneka ngati za siliva, ngakhale kuti ndi wotsika kwambiri chifukwa chowala kwambiri. Choncho, Kuchuluka kwa kuwala komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi chitsulo ichi ndi 80%, pomwe siliva ndi 95% yasiliva . Ngakhale izi, popanga magalasi aluso, m'malo mwa siliva, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi rhodium. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chowonetsera platinoid ndi kuthekera kwake kogwirira ntchito ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwa radiation ya electromagnetic, kuphatikizapo mtundu. Mwanjira ina, zokongoletsera za rhodium zimatha kutumikila zaka zambiri, pomwe kupopera mbewu mankhwalawo mofananamo sikuli tsiku lomaliza.
Khalidwe la chitsulo sichingakhale chokwanira popanda kutchula mtengo wake. Mtengo wa rhodium oyera nthawi zonse zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimadalira buku kupanga pachaka. Choncho, ndi August 2016, Troyan Kamodzi Rhodium (31,1034768 g) mtengo pafupi madola 700, koma mu zaka wotsatira mtengo chawonjezeka kwambiri. Kumayambiriro a 2020, mtengo wa rhodium ingot masekeli nusu limodzi anali $ 9,000. Kukwera mtengo chifukwa chakuti zitsulo alibe mchere wake ndipo uli mu pulatinamu mbadwa, faifi tambala ndi miyala mkuwa, komanso mchenga golide monga mnzake.
Komabe, nkhani yaikulu kwambiri ya rhodium limatchula mitundu ya osmiste Iridia - Rhodium Nevyanskit, womwenso za 11,3% wa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali koyera.
Kapangidwe ndi katundu
Rhodium ndi olimba wolemekezeka siliva zitsulo, kuposa wake "kholo" pulatinamu kwa bata mankhwala mapangidwe ambiri dzimbiri. The zamagetsi chilinganizo cha atomu maonekedwe ake monga chonchi: RH - 1s 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 10 4P 6 4D 8 5S 1. zitsulo bwino kusungunuka mu ndondomeko ya otentha mu mowa wamphamvu achifumu (HCl ndi HnO3 osakaniza), mu H2SO4 maganizo (pamene usavutike) ndi hydrogen peroxide. Mfundo limatsogolera ndi 1964 ° C, otentha - 3697 ° C, kachulukidwe zitsulo pa 20 ° C ndi 12,41 g / cm3. Rhodium uli gulu la zitsulo osowa lapansi, boma olimba ali mtundu siliva ndi kulocha ozizira.
Rhodium ndi mankhwala khola, ndi chifukwa chakuti ndi nonmetals amachitira zoipa kwambiri - yekha kukwaniritsa kutentha ofiira cagine. Liwiro zitsulo makutidwe ndi okosijeni n'chotheka mu mkhalidwe wopsinjika ndi kokha pa 1000 ° C.
Chifukwa plasticity mkulu, lomwe limapezeka pamene usavutike digiri 850-900, chitsulo kusinthika mu waya woonda zikuchitika, amene pambuyo annealing angapo ndipo anagubuduza itagwa zojambulazo thinnest.
Mbali yofunika ya zitsulo akuti ndi mphamvu yake kusintha mthunzi wake, umene ndi wofunika kwambiri mu zodzikongoletsera. Choncho, pamene calcining pa kutentha 800 ° C, rhodium ndi TACHIMATA ndi okusayidi filimu anazimiririka ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha kwa 1000 ° C. Black rhodium makamaka wofunika umene uli singasiyanitsidwe mu kupanga zibangili za masanjidwe kwambiri tsaya. katundu wina wa zitsulo ndi mphamvu yake kuti akhale ngati chothandizira kwa zochita kwambiri mankhwala. Motero, mothandizidwa ndi akanadulidwa rhodium ufa, wamba vinyo mowa lidzasanduka asidi acetic.
Gawo ndi migodi
Wapachaka lonse kupanga buku la rhodium ndi matani 30. Amenewa wochepa kupanga ndi chifukwa zili otsika amafotokozera mu kuya lapansi ndiponso kusapezeka kwa mchere zawo. The madipoziti yaikulu zitsulo zili Republic of South Africa, omwe amapereka 75-80% ya Rhodium ku msika wonse. madipoziti zochepa wolemera zili Canada, Colombia ndi Russia - m'mayiko ndi ndende pafupifupi ya pulatinamu mbadwa kozama lapansi.
Kuphatikiza pa mgwirizano, njira zopangira zitsulo zimawerengedwa kuti ndi kutulutsidwa kwa isotope yake yokhazikika kuchokera ku plutonium, uranium ndi thornium, zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito nyukiliya. Kupeza Rhodium mwanjira imeneyi kumatha kuthetsa vuto la kufunikira kwakukulu komanso kuchuluka kwazitsulo zopangidwa m'minda. Kuganizira za makampani opangidwa ndi a nyukiliya omwe apangidwa ndi Rhodium mu mafuta a nyukiliya (mpaka 400 g / t), vuto la kuchepa kwa Rhodium ikhoza kuthetsedwa, ndipo makampani ogulitsa a nyukiliya azikhala ogulitsa zitsulo padziko lapansi Misika.
Kodi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti?
Kukula kwa rhodium ndi yopingasa. Zitsulo zikufunika m'malo ambiri a makampani opanga mankhwala ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati chothandizira, zojambulajambula ndi zodzikongoletsera.Chothandizira
Mu mphamvu iyi, zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita mankhwala, zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri zomwe zimapeza acetic acid kuchokera ku mowa wa methyl. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zoseweretsa zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito yogwira ntchito ndi mpweya wamagalimoto. Ndipo owongolera a Rhodium-Platinamu amadziwika kuti ndi othandizira kwambiri pakupanga HNE3 yopanga HNE3 ndi njira ya mabokosi a ammonia ndi njira izi sizinapezeke.
Mpaka pano, mpaka 81% ya mphaka zomwe zilipo zimakhala ndi maziko a rhodium.
Zinthu Zomanga
Rhodium ndi yofunika kwambiri popanga galasi lamadzimadzi a galasi, chifukwa chomwe chimatenga chiloya cha ptinamu. Pankhaniyi, zogwiritsidwa ntchito zachitsulo zimakula mosavuta pokula ndi kukula kwa zida zamakono zamakono. Rhodes amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu popanga magalasi aluso, malo owoneka bwino komanso mawonekedwe ena owoneka bwino omwe adzagwire ntchito zochulukirapo komanso kukhazikitsa laser.
Sizingatheke kuti musatchule miyala ya platinamu-rhodium yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ikule miyala yamtengo wapatali komanso makhrisi a electro-optical katundu ma labotale. . Kuphatikiza ndi iridium kapena chitsulo cha platinamu, nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga thermocoumous zofunikira pakuyenga kwa matenthedwe (opitilira 2200 ° C). Sizingatheke kuti musazindikire gawo la zitsulo popanga machubu a labotale ndipo ma flask omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mankhwala. Chifukwa chakuti rhodium sikumalumikizana ndi zinthu zilizonse, mu zakudya zotere mutha kutsanulira mtundu uliwonse wa nyimbo.
Myala yonyezimira
Rhodium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zodzikongoletsera, zimagwira ntchito ziwiri nthawi imodzi - kuteteza komanso kukongoletsa. Mwachitsanzo, Siliva wokutidwa ndi ntchentche wa rhodium wa rhodium wosanjikiza umakhala wowala kwambiri, sadandada ndipo samakonda mpweya, Ndipo golide wa makolo chifukwa chokhazikika cha zitsulo (mayunitsi 6). Mmwamba. Moos) imakhala yolimba komanso yosagwirizana. Kuphatikiza apo, chitsulo chimafunikira kuti mupeze golide woyera, womwe ndi wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa mafani amtengo wa zodzikongoletsera, ndipo ma oxidea ake amatenga nawo gawo popanga mafashoni a avant.
Kuzizira, koma nthawi yomweyo kwambiri ndikusangalatsa kwambiri ndi ma hirsanites, zircontia, diamondi ndi kuyika kuchokera pazitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Kuphatikiza apo, zitsulo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mtundu wopanga platinamu ndi pilladium. Zogulitsa zomwe zimakutidwa ndi kupukutira kwa rhodium sikufunikira kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndikusunga kuwala koyambirira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zokongoletsera, zokhudzana kwambiri zimachepetsa kwambiri golide woyera, womwe, ndikukhudzana mosalekeza ndi khungu, limayambitsa khungu, limayambitsa redness komanso kuyamwa. Wosanjikiza wa chitsuloyu amalepheretsa zotsatira zosasangalatsa za kuvala zokongoletsera, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda akhungu. Komabe, pamodzi ndi zabwino zambiri, pamakhalabe otembenuka. Palinso mankhwala osokoneza bongo amafunikira kusintha kwa nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo kupezeka kwake kumawonjezera mtengo wa zodzikongoletsera.
Kuphatikiza pamagawo a ntchito, Rhodium imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndalama. Chifukwa chake, mu 2009, ndalama zoyambirira za rhodium zidaperekedwa pa US timit, zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ndalama zolipira, ndipo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chogulitsa ndalama. Komabe, kanthawi kena (mu 2014), banki ya National Bank of Rwanda idamasulidwa kubadwa koyamba kwa ndalama ndi mtengo wamaso wa ma arancs 10 a Rwanda, omwe adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wopereka ndalama.
Gawo lina la kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chotere ndi mafakitale a nyukiliya. Zojambulajambula za Rodium zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ngati neutron maluwa odutsa nyukiliya.
Ndi ziti zomwe zili ndi wayilesi?
Mu nthawi za Soviet, linali lingaliro loti zigawo zikuluzikulu zawailesi zinapangidwa ndi rhodium. Komabe, sizinali zolakwa, ndipo zitsulozo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha kuphimba kulumikizana kwa zolumikizira. Popanga ziwalozo, sizinali zoyenera, chifukwa zinali zofooka kwambiri komanso kusweka kwambiri. Koma monga chivundikiro, chinali chofunikira kwambiri, chomwe chimachitika chifukwa cha kukana kwake komanso zolimba kwambiri mu radi ya electromagnetic. Kuphimba kwa Rhodium kunali ndi kulumikizana (kusangalalanso) mtundu wa reg-55 (a) mndandanda wa PC 4569601, Rs 4569660, Rs 45696605.
Kodi golide wa golide ndi wagolide uti adzauze vidiyo yotsatirayi.