Mbiri yopanga chida choterecho ngati chitsulo, imapita kumizu yakuya kwazaka zambiri. Kumachita bwino, chipangizochi chasintha mawonekedwe ake pazaka zonsezi. Kupanga komanso kuyambitsa kwa ma Irons m'moyo kumapita njira yofunika: kuchokera ku zitsanzo zowopsa chifukwa cha zinthu zochuluka kwambiri kuchokera ku zida zoledzeretsa zogwirira ntchito magetsi. Masiku ano, chitsulo chimawoneka ngati wamba komanso zachinsinsi zakale, ndipo mazana azaka zapitazo adawerengedwa kuti anali wojambula bwino komanso ngakhale wokongoletsera wa aliyense.
Kufotokozera ndi kusankhidwa kwa chipangizocho
Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti mawu oti "chitsulo" adadza kwa ife kuchokera kwa ife kuchokera ku chitukuko cha chikhrisitu, pomwe mawu oti "chitsulo" adzachoka pazida ziwiri: "UTH" - "kuyika".
Chitsulo ndi chipangizo chanyumba cholumikizira nsalu ndi zinthu zingapo zovala. Imakhala ndi thupi lotentha, mawonekedwe osalala kuchokera pansi komanso kuwongolera bwino kuchokera kumwamba. Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi kapangidwe kazophatikizidwayi siovuta kwambiri: mothandizidwa ndi magetsi, helix imatenthetsedwa ndi kutentha komwe ndikumatuta kutentha komwe kumapezeka pa chitsulo, chomwe chimatchedwa yokha yokhayo. Zipangizo zamakono zam'makono zopangira zida zitsulo zili ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana: Mwachitsanzo, kupewa mawonekedwe, mitundu yonse ya magetsi ndi oyang'anira omwe amatha, kupezeka kwa mapangidwe onse, ndipo mbali inayo - idzapangitsa kuti ikhale yovuta kwambiri.
Analogi akale
Kuyambira nthawi yovuta kwambiri, anthu onse amalakalaka kusamalira bwino zinthu zomwe amavala kuti azisambitsana ndi kusamba kwakutali popanda kutchula. Chifukwa chake, pa zolinga izi, chitsulocho chinali cholowa nthawi yayitali m'nthawi yake, chomwe kwa zaka zambiri kugonjetsedwa nthawi zonse sinthani.
Ma prototypes okhazikika kwambiri a zida zoterezi, monga chitsulo, akatswiri ofukula za m'mabwinja amalingalira lathyathyathya, wopukutidwa kwambiri komanso wokongola kwambiri. Pamaso pawo, ananyowa atatsuka zovala, mwala wina womwe unayikidwa pamwamba ndikusiya zonse za "zingwe" mpaka zitauma. Umu ndi momwe Aazteki akale amakhalira "osindikizidwa". Zotsatira zake, makalasi ambiri ochokera ku zovala anasowadi.
Okhala ku Roma wakale "adasinthira" zovala zawo zoponderezedwa m'malo mwa nyundo yachitsulo: Zonse zomwe zilipo nawonso "zidagogoda" ndi zigawenga zingapo za nyundo iyi. M'mayiko a Russia, "kugwedeza" kudachitika nthawi yayitali, kugwiritsa ntchito madongosolo 2: Kuzungulira kwa gawo lapakatikati, komwe kumatchedwa "kudzigudubuza" kapena "kugundana", ndi mbale yamatabwa yomwe inali Zinthu zambiri - mwachitsanzo, "Ribel", "shide", komanso "kusinkhasinkha".
Mu zaka za zana la IV BC, Agiriki akale adagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa chobvala zovala zawo zotentha. Pambuyo pake, njira zosinthira zansalu zimasinthidwa ndi zitsulo, pomwe zitsulo zotentha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kupezeka kwamagetsi kupezeka kutali, chifukwa cha izi, anthu anagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe osangalatsa kwambiri. Mu Middle Ages, china chonga poto wokazinga limagwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe makala a makala otentha adayikidwa ndikuimbitsani zovala zawo nazo. Zachidziwikire, njira iyi inali yovuta komanso yopanda chiyembekezo, pambali, zomera zonse zinauluka mbali zonse zitha kusiya mabowo pa Tom Pansi pa Tom Pansi, zomwe zidalimphukira. Mothandizidwa ndi njira zoterezi, umunthu umazindikira chinthu chachikulu: kuyika zovala mokwanira, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chotentha.
Ndani ndi ine?
Palibe amene anganene kuti ndi liti ndipo ndani adapanga zomwe zidasinthidwa kuti zomwe zidasinthidwa ndi zomwe zidasinthidwa kuti "chitsulo" zizitchedwa "chitsulo" komanso m'dziko liti la dziko lomwe adawonekera koyamba. CHINSINSI choyambirira cha chitsulo choyambirira, monga ofufuza amakhulupirira, adabadwa pomwe anthu adapanga zovala zopangidwa zotsutsidwa woyamba. Ngakhale ena mwa ofukula za m'mabwinja otchuka amadziwatu kuti zikopa za nyama zakale zimadziwikanso - mwina, mafupa a maty, ndipo izi zingatanthauze kuti dzina la Mlengi wa chipongwe choyamba cha chipongwe chidzabisidwa mpaka kalekale.
Koma zimadziwika momwe chitsulotsidwire pang'onopang'ono. Anthu nthawi zina amaganiza motalika ndi kuthetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zovala kuti zinthu zisambe ziwoneke bwino ndipo sizinali zowoneka bwino kwambiri. Chimodzi mwa njira zophweka kwambiri komanso zakale kwambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito anthu ambiri akale, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadzidzidzi ndi akazi ambiri padziko lapansi - ingotambasulani nsalu yonyowa pamlandu pansi pa kuwala kwa dzuwa. Kenako zinthu zambiri zotsatila zidzayang'ana padziko lapansi.
Umboni woyamba wolembedwa kuti tsiku ndi tsiku, zida zotere monga zitsulo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu, zili ndi zaka zambiri, ngakhale malingana ndi nyumbazo mkati mwanyumbayi komanso lero mutha Ganizirani bwino kuti kale ndi zaka zopitilira 2, 5,000. Ndi mibadwo iyi ya zida zimenezo malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo ogwiritsira ntchito amakumbutsa onse achilendo, ndiye kuti, amatha kuchoka pa 500 BC. NS.
Mbiri Yakutukuka ndi Mitundu
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa chida chopangira zovala ku Russia kumapezeka pakati pa za XVII. Mu 1636, mfumuyo ya Endokia inayambatchula mawu oti "iron" m'zolemba zake.
Zitsulo zoyambirira za Russia zidayamba kuperekedwa mu mabizinesi a Demidov. M'magawo osiyanasiyana adzikoli, malo abwino amoyo wamba anthu amaitanidwa munjira iliyonse - "Rubel", "oyenera", komanso nthawi zambiri amatchedwa dzina "lorani".
M'masiku amenewo, zitsulo zinali zapamwamba kwambiri.
Popanga iwo anali okongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsera zapamwamba, amathanso kukhala obadwa nawo kale, omwe akuwonetsa kale omwe akuwonetsa kale omwe akukhalamo munyumba anali akadakali zida. Kukhalapo kwa zotengera izi mnyumba kumawerengedwa ngati chizindikiro cha banja la banja, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo zida izi zinali zodula kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, chitsulocho chinayikidwa paphiri pafupi ndi samovar wotentha ngati zokongoletsera zowonjezera za kumwa tiyi, kapena kuyikidwa pamalo otchuka kunyumba ndikudzikuza kwa alendowo.
Kwa oda yabwino kwambiri, zitsulo zamitundu yodabwitsa kwambiri zimatha kuperekedwa - Mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a tambala kapena ngakhale ndi chitoliro. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotheka kuwona chitsulo chakale ngakhale mkangano ndi mkuwa pa zosemphana ndi chitsulo, ndipo zitsulo m'nyumba za ogundana ndi zodzikongoletsera zasiliva. Zolembera za zida izi zomwe zimapangidwa kawiri kawiri kawiri kuchokera pamtengo ndipo ndizosalala kwambiri, koma zitha kukhala ziwerengero zonsezo kutengera zomwe eni eni nyumba. Kuphatikiza apo, panali chitsulo chokwanira, chomwe chidathandiza popanda mavuto kuti chisasunthe zingwe ndi zina zazing'ono kwambiri pazovala.
Pambuyo pake, chofufuzira cha chitsulo chimawonekera. Zinali zofunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi moto kapena mu uvuni. Chida ichi chomenyedwa chidanyowa nthawi yayitali, kugwira nawo ntchito ndimayenera kuvala m'manja mwa mittens, chifukwa chogwirira chidatentha kwambiri. Posakhalitsa atamuwongolera pang'ono komanso mwayi wochotsa chogwirirako - maziko amodzi amatha kukhomeredwa, yachiwiri nthawi yomweyo idzatenthedwa. Katundu wachitsulo chopotokodwa chinali cholemetsa komanso chokwanira, chifukwa cha izi akanatha kugwedezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa zinthu zowonongeka zinasankha chitsulo chaching'ono.
Ku Germany, zaka 150 zapitazo, kachilombo ka mowa kumawonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba. Kutsatsa chitsulo chotere kumatha kuwerengedwa ngakhale m'magazini a 1913. Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito chipangizochi chinali chofanana ndi mawonekedwe odziwika a nyali ndi Kerosene: mkati mwa chipangizocho chinangochotsa mowa, kumangothokoza kumene, kutentha kofunikira pakutenthetsa. Chida choterocho chinali ndi kulemera pang'ono, chowoneka bwino kwambiri, chinali mafoni. Koma anali ndi minuso imodzi yayikulu - mtengo wake unali wokwera motero amangogwiritsa ntchito nyumba zolemera zokha.
Zaka zana zapitazo, "chakudya chamafuta" kapena "mphepo" zinali zotchuka kwambiri. Amafanana ndi chitofu cha mini: mkati mwa zida zofiira zofiirira. Kuonetsetsa kuti pali chimbudzi, mabowo apadera amawuma mu kapangidwe kake. Nthawi zina chitsulo chachitsulo chimakhala ndi chitoliro chosiyana chakutuluka. Pofuna kubwereza kale ziboma zozizira, m'mabowo, kuwomba kwambiri kapena kumveketsa chitsulo chokha, ngakhale sizinali zophweka.
Chitsulo chothandizidwa ndi zida zamalanale chinali ngati masewera olimbitsa thupi, motero amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akuchita ntchito zokambirana. Pambuyo pake m'chitsulo m'malo mwa malasha adayamba kuyika nkhumba yotentha yopangidwa ndi chitsulo.
Pamapeto pa zaka za zana la XIX, kupanga kwa "mpweya" kumayamba. Chida choterocho chidatenthedwa kwambiri ndi mpweya. Mkati mwa chipangizocho chinayikidwa chubule kuchokera ku chitsulo chapadera, osawopa kuyatsidwa kwamphamvu, kumapeto kwachiwiri kunayikidwa mu silinda yomwe idayikidwa mu silinda yokhala ndi mpweya, ndipo pampu adayikidwa pamwamba. Uku kunali kugawidwa kwa gasi mkati mwa chipangizocho, otenthetsedwa bwino panthawi yake. Koma ma irons amtunduwu anali owopsa kwambiri: kutayikira kwa mpweya kunachitika tsoka kwenikweni, chifukwa cha iwo nthawi zambiri pamakhala moto ndipo ngakhale kuphulika kunachitika.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti munthu wina amafufuza zachikale kwambiri pankhani yofunafuna zovala - izi zimaponyera zitsulo zamiyala yochokera ku chitsulo chonyansa, chomwe chakhala chosowa moto kapena pachitofu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zaka za XVIII ndipo adapangidwa ku Russia mpaka 60s a zaka za XX zaka za XX. Ndipo ngakhale inali itatenga nthawi yayitali kugula chipangizo chamagetsi, kutulutsa zitsulo zinkadziwikabe, chifukwa osati nyumba zonse m'mayiko amenewo zinali zitsulo.
Ndi ntchito yamagetsi, alendo amatha kupumula ndi mpumulo, chifukwa mavuto awo ambiri adathetsedwa. Maonekedwe a magetsi adalola nzika za US kuti zikhale pampando wopangira panganolo pagalimoto yoyamba ya padziko lapansi mu 1882. Koma kugwira ntchito kwake kunali koopsa monga kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi - Msytess adadandaula kwambiri.
Zipangizo zoyambirira zomwe zimayendetsa magetsi zinali zovuta pakugwira ntchito, kotero mu 1892, makampani awiri nthawi yomweyo adasintha zida zamagetsi pang'ono nthawi yomweyo, ndikuyika helix yotentha. The stal idatalikirana kwathunthu ndikuyikidwa m'thupi la malonda pamwamba pa okhawo. Pambuyo pake, kusamvako kwa zitsulo kumatha kuonezika kuti sizowopsa. Chida ichi chimagwiranso ntchito patsikuli, zinthu zing'onozing'ono zokhazokha zimasinthidwa mu mawonekedwe ake komanso ntchito zabwino kwambiri zimawonjezeredwa.
Chifukwa chake, m'ma 3000 a zaka za m'ma 3000, chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapezeka popanga zida zamagetsi - ndi thermostat, yomwe iyenera kuwongolera kutentha ndikuzimitsa nthawi yomwe mukufuna kutentha zachitsulo zimafikiridwa.
Mu ma 70s, zodulira zozizwitsa zidasintha kwambiri: sizinachitike kawirikawiri ndi zitsulo, chifukwa adayamba kubala miyala kuchokera ku galasi lagalasi. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zatsopano kwachepetsa kwambiri chikondwerero chachitsulo chokha monga nsalu iliyonse. Pachifukwa ichi, lero, zida zonse zamakono zimangoyenda pamwamba pa nsalu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti zisawonongeke.
Kuti zikhale zosavuta kuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo, zida zimaphatikizidwa ndi manyowa. Zojambula zoyambirira za zida zosangalatsa izi zinali zopanga kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, azimayi achi Germany adalandira patent pa chipangizocho, pomwe chipangizocho chidalumikizidwa ndi kapu yaying'ono, kumbali yodzaza ndi madzi. Pansi pa kapu iyi panali dzenje, lomwe linakutidwa ndi pulagi yokhala ndi chogwirizira. Zinali zofunikira kukanikiza chogwirira ichi pang'ono, ndipo plugiyo yomweyo idatsegulidwa, pomwe madzi nthawi yomweyo adawazidwa pansalu youma, potsogolera njira yachitsulo. B. Wopangidwa mwachidule kwambiri: Amateteza peyala ku mphira ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono pa chogwirira. Peyalayo idadzaza ndi madzi ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, okakamizidwa ndi dzanja - madzi anali kuwaza pang'ono pa nsaluyo, kupangitsa kuti njira yopanga ikhale ikhale yabwino.
Mu 1868, patent yovomerezeka ya nyimbo idalandiridwa - chipangizo chapaderachi chidasindikiza zoseketsa pakadali pano. Izi zachilendo izi poganiza koyamba za zopangidwa zololedwa kuloledwa kugwira ntchito molimbika kwa ironers mosangalatsa. Manja ndi nyumba zamtundu wamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimakongoletsedwa ndi enamel mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ulusi wotseguka komanso wosainidwa bwino. Ndipo kapangidwe kokongola kumeneku kwa chitsulo kunali kofala kwambiri, kotero ma irons ndi nyimbo kunapangidwa mpaka 20s m'zaka za zana la 20.
Posachedwa, kupita patsogolo kumakulitsa miliri ya Afilisiti. Anakhudza izi zatsopanozi ndi zitsulo zonsezo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri m'derali zakhala dongosolo lapadera lotchedwa "Laurastar". Mutha kufotokozera mwachidule motere: Imapatsa madzi owonda mwachindunji pa bolodi yapadera yopanga, yomwe imagwira ntchito nthawi yomweyo ndi chitsulo.
Mfundo imeneyi ndi yotetezeka kwathunthu mtundu uliwonse wa nsalu iliyonse ya nsalu, kuphatikizapo ukadaulo watsopano koposa umakupatsani mwayi woti musachotsere zikho zokhazokha, koma ngakhale fungo, limayamba zomveka, zimachotsa ndi madontho. Kugwiritsa ntchito, ndizotheka kuchotsa malo okhalamo kuchokera ku nsalu, komanso zovala zowuma, monga gululo lokha lidzawonongedwa.
Komabe, lero, mpaka pano, mabanja ambiri sathamanga kuti achotse zitsulo zakale, zilizonse zakale komanso zakale komanso zakale. Ndipo zikakhala kuti ali ndi mtundu wanji, wachitsulo kapena umapola chitsulo, chifukwa zida zamakale ndi zokwanira.
Mutha kuwona za mbiri ya zitsulo mu kanema wotsatira.