Rhodium ne a rare daraja karfe da kyau a san su masoya na kayan ado. Rhodium spraying hana bayyanar scratches da sweetes a kan m products, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da adana na ingàntā na dogon lokaci.
Mece ce?
Rhodium ne sinadari N45 daga lokaci-lokaci tebur na Mendeleev, game da daraja karafa na platinum kungiyar. A kashi da aka bude ta Birtaniya William Hydov Vollaston a 1803 a lokacin da yin aiki tare da wani platinum bayani. A da shi, da sunadarai gano wani haske m foda abu, da ake kira da sunan Rodi, wanda aka fassara daga Girkanci nufin "Rose".
Rhodium ne daya daga cikin rarest da tsada karafa, Mene ne saboda haduwar da hakar daga platinum a kan wani m sikelin. A yanayi, shi ne ba a cikin ma'adanai, ciki har da da dama platinoids a lokaci daya. Masana lura cewa kafin su sami 1 kg na wannan karfe bukatar da dama da ton na 'yan qasar platinum. Vollarston haskaka Rhodium kamar haka: Bayan kira na sodium hydrogen gishiri, shi ne lokaci mai tsawo don wani ruwan hoda-ja foda a kan wani hydrogen harshen wuta, a sakamakon wanda 'yan saukad da m karfe samu kawai' yan saukad.
Daga baya da kokarin da Farfesa Lebedinsky aka bude wani sabon hanyar kasafi na azurfa - Impact kan bayani daga platinoid salts da sanyi. A sakamakon haka, da sanyaya a cikin bayani fadi fitar da precipitate, ƙaddamar da mahadi Rhodium da Iridia. Wannan hanya da aka tartsatsi a cikin sinadaran masana'antu da kuma har yanzu ana amfani. Don kwanan wata, da taimako na Lebedinsky dabara, da tsari na 30 ton na m karfe da aka saki a shekara.
A hanya da nufin raba platinum da kuma samun mafi tsarki azurfa aka kira affinent.
Amma ga bayyanar da azurfa, da ja-m inuwõyinta suna kusa ne halayyar kawai domin ta mahadi, yayin da karfe kanta kama da azurfa, ko da yake ya ne mafi ƙaranci daga gare shi a cikin haske haske. Don haka, The adadin haske nuna da wannan ƙarfe shi ne 80%, yayin da azurfa ne 95% a azurfa . Duk da wannan, a cikin yi da fasaha madubai, maimakon na azurfa, shi ne sau da yawa amfani da azurfa. Wannan shi ne saboda da tunani na platinoid da ikon ta yi aiki tare da wani dagagge yawa daga electromagnetic radiation, ciki har da infrared kewayo. A wasu kalmomin, da azurfa shafi zai iya bauta wa for shekaru da yawa, yayin da azurfa spraying a karkashin irin wannan yanayi ba ranar ƙarshe.
A halayyar da karfe zai zama bai cika ba tare da ambata da darajar. Farashin m Rhodium ne kullum bambanta da kuma dogara a kan shekara-shekara samarwa girma. Saboda haka, ta hanyar Agusta 2016, Troyan zarar Rhodium (31,1034768 g) kudin game da 700 daloli, amma a m shekaru da farashin ya kara da cika fuska. A farkon shekarar 2020, da darajar da azurfa ingot yin la'akari daya oza ya $ 9,000. Babban kudin ne saboda gaskiyar cewa da karfe ba ta ma'adinai da kuma ƙunshi a 'yan qasar platinum, nickel da kuma jan tama, kazalika a zinariya Sands a matsayin abokin.
Duk da haka, mafi girma da abun ciki na azurfa aka lura a cikin jinsunan osmiste Iridia - Rhodium Nevyanskit, wanda ya hada da game 11.3% na tsarki da daraja karafa.
Abun da kuma kaddarorin
Rhodium ne mai ɗamfarar daraja azurfa karfe, m wa "progenitor" platinum sunadarai kwanciyar hankali a da yawa lalata muhallin. A lantarki dabara ta zarra kama da wannan: RH - 1s 2 2s 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 4S 2 3D 10 4P 6 4D 8 5s 1. Da karfe ne da narkar da a aiwatar da ruwan a cikin sarauta vodka (HCI da HnO3 cakuda), a cikin H2SO4 tattara (a lokacin da ya kona) da kuma a hydrogen peroxide. Da narkewa batu ne 1964 ° C, tafasasshen - 3697 ° C, da karfe yawa a 20 ° C ne 12,41 g / cm3. Rhodium asalinsa kuwa na rukuni na rare duniya karafa, a wani m jihar shi yana da azurfa launi tare da wani sanyi tint.
Rhodium ne chemically barga, tare da sakamakon cewa da nonmetals reacts sosai mugun - musamman a cimma zafin jiki na ja cagine. Slowing karfe hadawan abu da iskar shaka mai yiwuwa ne kawai a murƙushe jihar da kuma kawai a 1000 ° C.
Saboda babban plasticity, wanda ya bayyana a lokacin da ya kona wa 850-900 digiri, da karfe canji a cikin wani bakin ciki waya tana gudana, daga wanda bayan da dama annealing kuma mirgina samun thinnest tsare.
An muhimmanci ingancin daga karfe an dauke su da ikon canza inuwarta, wanda shi ne musamman m a cikin kayan ado. Saboda haka, a lokacin da calcining a zazzabi na 800 ° C, da azurfa aka rufi da wani oxide film bace ta kara yawan zafin jiki zuwa 1000 ° C. Black Rhodium ne musamman mai daraja, wanda yake shi ne ba makawa a yi kayan ado daga cikin mafi dadi jeri. Wani dukiya na karfe ne da ikon aiki a matsayin mai kara kuzari ga mafi sinadaran halayen. Saboda haka, tare da taimakon yankakken Rhodium foda, talakawa ruwan inabi da barasa za a iya juya a cikin acetic acid.
Ajiya da kuma hakar ma'adinai
A shekara-shekara a duniya samar girma na azurfa ne tan 30. Irin wannan adadi kaɗan na samar da su ne saboda da low abun ciki na kashi a cikin ƙasa, ta zurfafa kuma babu nasu ma'adanai. Babban karfe adibas suna located a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu, wanda SUPPLiES 75-80% na Rhodium da sauran kasuwar. Kadan arziki adibas located in Canada, Colombia da kuma Rasha - a kasashen tare da talakawan taro na 'yan qasar platinum a duniya zurfin.
Bugu da kari ga dangantaka, wani hangen zaman Hanyar daga karfe samarwa da aka dauke su a saki ta barga isotope daga plutonium, uranium da kuma thorium, yadu a yi amfani da makaman nukiliya ikon. Samun Rhodium a cikin wannan hanya za a iya magance matsalar high bukatar da kasa karfe kundin samar a cikin filayen. Shan la'akari da suka ci gaba nukiliya masana'antu da kuma babban abun ciki na azurfa a nukiliya man fetur (har zuwa 400 g / t), matsalar da azurfa kasawa za a iya warware, da kuma makamashin nukiliya masana'antu zai zama babban maroki na wannan karfe ga duniya kasuwanni.
A ina ake amfani da shi?
Da ikon yinsa, na azurfa ne quite m. Metal ne a bukatar a yankunan da yawa daga cikin sinadaran masana'antu da kuma aiki, wanda aka yi amfani a matsayin mai kara kuzari, tsarin albarkatun kasa da kuma kayan ado.kara kuzari
A wannan damar, da karfe da aka yi amfani da sinadaran halayen, ya fi na kowa da wanda ake samun acetic acid daga methyl barasa. Haka kuma an yi amfani da lokacin da samar tace-neutralizers tsara don aiki tare da ciyar da mota gas. Kuma Rhodium-platinum gami suna dauke da mafi tasiri catalysts a samar da HNO3 ta Hanyar ammonia hadawan abu da iskar shaka ta iska da kuma a cikin wannan samarwa zabi ba tukuna samu.
Don kwanan wata, har zuwa 81% na data kasance catalysts da azurfa tushe.
yi abu
Rhodium ne ba makawa a yi na gilashin ruwa crystal na'urorin, domin samar da abin da yana daukan ta platinum gami. A wannan batun, da karfe amfani yake sannu-sannu girma a gwargwado ga ci gaban da samar da na zamani na'urori. Rhodes an rayayye amfani a yi na fasaha madubai, spotlights da sauran na nuna saman da cewa za a sarrafa a matsananci yanayi da kuma Laser shigarwa.
Ba shi yiwuwa ba a ma maganar da platinum-Rhodium crucibles amfani da su girma da duwatsu masu daraja, da lu'ulu'u da electro-Tantancewar Properties a awon yanayi. . A hade tare iridium ko platinum karfe, shi ne sau da yawa amfani ga yi na thermocouples zama dole ga ma'aunai na proceedable yanayin zafi (a kan 2200 ° C). Ba shi yiwuwa ba a lura da muhimmancin da karfe a kan aiwatar da Manufacturing awon shambura da flasks amfani da sunadarai gwaje-gwajen. Saboda gaskiya cewa Rhodium ya aikata ba hulɗa tare da kusan duk wani abubuwa, a cikin irin wannan jita-jita ba za ka iya zuba wani irin qagaggun.
Jewelry
Rhodium ne yadu amfani a cikin kayan ado, yin ayyukan biyu a lokaci daya - m kuma na ado. Misali, Azurfa rufe da wani dabara Rhodium Layer yakan mallaki mai zurfi haske, ba ya yi duhu, kuma ya aikata ba oxidize a iska, Kuma mahaifa zinariya saboda da high solidness na karfe (6 raka'a. Up. Moos) ya zama mafi m da kuma lalacewa-resistant. Bugu da kari, da karfe ake bukata kafin su sami farar zinariya, wanda shi ne Popular tsakanin magoya na kayan ado, da kuma ta oxides suna da hannu a cikin halittar baki zinariya - da avant-garde shugabanci a cikin dragmetalls fashion.
Sanyi, amma a lokaci guda mai zurfi da kuma m m haske ne daidai a hade tare da phyanites, zirconia, Diamonds da abun da ake sakawa daga daraja karafa. Bugu da kari, da karfe ne sau da yawa amfani da wani ligature a yi na platinum da palladium ado. Products rufe da Rhodium spraying ba bukatar akai tsaftacewa da kiyaye asali shine na dogon lokaci.
Bugu da kari ga ado aiki, da suka shafi muhimmanci rage da allergenicity na farar zinariya, wanda, tare da akai lamba tare da fata, shi sa redness da itching. A Layer na wannan karfe hana m sakamakon na saka kayan ado, wanda shi ne musamman m ga mutanen da fama da fata cututtuka. Amma, tare da babban yawan abũbuwan amfãni, har yanzu akwai fursunoni na hira. Akwai har yanzu a Rhodium spraying bukatar lokaci-lokaci update, kuma da kasancewar kansa muhimmanci ƙara farashin kayan ado.
Bugu da kari a cikin yankunan da aikace-aikace, Rhodium da ake amfani a yi na tsabar kudi. Saboda haka, a shekarar 2009, da farko zalla Rhodium tsabar kudi da aka bayar a kan US Mint, wanda aka ba amfani a matsayin biyan bashin kudi, da kuma aiki a matsayin wani abu na zuba jari. Duk da haka, kadan daga baya (a 2014), da National Bank of Rwanda an sake ta farko haihuwa na tsabar kudin da fuska darajar na 10 Rwanda francs, wanda ya fara da za a yi amfani da matsayin biyan bashin wakili,
Wani fanni na aikace-aikace na wannan daraja karfe ne nukiliya masana'antu. Rodium gane an samu nasarar amfani da neutron kwarara mita a nukiliya nukiliya.
Abin da rediyo aka gyara dauke?
A Soviet sau, shi ne ra'ayin cewa da yawa rediyo aka gyara aka sanya na tsarki azurfa. Duk da haka, shi ya da nisa daga ba daidai ba, kuma da karfe da aka yi amfani da kawai ya rufe lambobi na masu haɗawar. Domin yi na sassa kansu, shi ya ba dace, kamar yadda ya quite m da kuma overly karya. Amma a matsayin cover, shi ne makawa, wanda shi ne saboda ta kyau lalata juriya da kuma wani babban gani coefficient na electromagnetic haskoki. Rhodium shafi da lambobi (rejoic gudun ba da sanda) da irin shawara-55 (a) a cikin jerin 4569601 PC, RS 4569602, RS 4569603, RS 4569604 kuma PC 4569605.
Wane irin na zinariya ne zinariya zai gaya wadannan video.