Matryoshka is a bright distinctive doll, embodying the best traditions of making Russian craft toys. She became a kind of symbol of Russia and seems very "ancient", although in fact the fishery is just over 100 years old. Matryoshek is made in Polhov Maidan, Vyatka, Semenov, and they all differ in their style and original features. But the most famous - Sergiev Posad, she is also Zagorskaya. We will tell about its features and stories in this article.
Peculiarities
Matryoshka is a detachable doll from several figures embedded one to another. Most often in one set of them from 3 to 12, but it happens more.
The most characteristic plot for the chagnity style is bright, elegant, pinking doll-girl holding flowers or pets in the hands, dishes. But the theme is significantly wider, and depending on it there are two litels - "peasant" and "Boyarsky". The peasant depicts the girls-peasants in handkerchiefs and sundresses with nodules, sickles, bouquets of flowers, shepherds. Boyarsky - heroes, boyars, princes, epic, fabulous and historical heroes.
Optionally, all dolls from the set are the same characters. For example, one of the first matryoshki ("Malyutinskaya") contained figures of girls and boys who differed among themselves. Created sets representing the heroes of the fairy tale. For example, "repka": Big Matryoshka portrayed the grandfather, the next - grandmother, and so on. There were matryoshka depicting newlyweds with guests. And even commander of war of 1812 (Kutuzov, Napoleon) with their headquarters.
But the most popular image is the members of the big peasant family.
Sergiev-Posad Matryoshki is bright, colorful, each of them in its own way is unique, the style does not impose a strict framework, but at the same time its features are very recognizable. They are as follows:
- contrast saturated colors;
- shiny lacquered surface;
- Detailed drawing of small details of clothing and objects;
- the contour of each detail is applied;
- The costume decorate ornaments and decorative elements with vegetable motifs and patterns of points and circles (motley);
- richly applied gilt;
- There is no inoperable space on the surface of the toy.
The doll is always bright and cheerful, with a blush on the cheeks and a slight good smile. She embodies the holiday, joy for children and adults. Matryoshka is never sad or sad.
Her joy is infectious, communication with matryoshki is a great remedy for a bad mood. Perhaps that is why this amazing Russian doll is so loved worldwide.
The history of development
Matryoshka became popular in Russia and gained world fame thanks to the figure, which the talented toy-toy turnover was turned out, and painted the famous artist Sergey Malyutin.
Malyutinskaya Matryoshka consisted of 8 figures painted in a stylized folk manner. They portrayed children of different ages. The largest doll is a girl with a black rooster in his hands, a traditional peasant symbol of well-being and wealth. The smallest is a ceiling infant.
This doll was presented in 1900 at the international exhibition in Paris where he won a bronze medal and immediately became popular with visitors from all over the world, turned into the main Russian souvenir.
Especially "heated" the demand of fashion for all Russian, which arose after the Dyagilevsky seasons. Russian toy toy began to receive orders from around the world.
From a small workshop in Moscow, where stars worked, the production was transferred to the "capital of the People's Toys" - Sergiev Posad. Local talented bushes quickly picked up the idea.
By 1910, in Posad, many matreery workshops and private masters were already working, who over time united in Artel. The craftsmen created bright, original figures, in which the unique hand writing of each author was read. Here are ruddy girls, children, and heroes, Gypsies with bears, boyars and fabulous heroes. But gradually began to develop a special style - in many ways, because the painting was somewhat simplified, stylized, as often happens with mass, albeit with manual, production. It has already been almost impossible to distinguish dolls painted by different artists, but the Matryoshka became truly "folk".
After the revolution of 1917, Sergiev Kustar Industrial Artel continued to work, despite all changes in the country. In 1930, she was renamed to Zagorskaya, following the renaming of the city in Zagorsk. The style of painting began to be called Zagorsk.
In 1960, on the basis of the artel toy, the "Zagorskaya Factory of Toys No. 1" was organized, where various toys were produced, and including matryoshki. Each matryoshka signed manually, but the style was even more unified in accordance with the requirements of the "stream" production. All matryoshki from the set, as a rule, were painted equally and differ only with dimensions. These are girls with bouquets of flowers or baskets in their hands. With this way, the matryoshka and began to be associated.
In 1992, the factory was privatized. Nowadays, it is called CJSC "Artworks and Toys" and pleases with their products of children and adults.
But today Matryoshka is not only the factory, the main attraction of Sergiev Posada (He in 1992 returned the historical name) - a revived folk fishing. There are many talented private masters in the city, which paint figures in their unique manner. They create toys both in the pre-revolutionary "peasant" stylistics and more modern.
Elements of painting
Skornery dolls are signed in a certain way.
- On the head of women's figures there is always a headdress - usually it is a handkerchief, tied with a node, two strands of hair can be seen from under it.
- Front apron. If the story picture is drawn, then it is on the apron.
- Oval faces and hands painted "bodily" color.
- The drawing of the face is quite detailed, but at the same time quite minimalistic, stylized, remotely resembles the icon-painted manner.
As a rule, first paints face and apron, and then - a casman and sundress. At the end of the XIX century, Gouache was used for painting, in our time there are also temperatures, watercolor, oil and aniline paints. Painting is performed without preliminary drawing using 4-5 colors: yellow, blue, green, red, orange.
Characteristic elements of painting.
- Ornament on clothes and edges handkerchief. This is a simple geometric pattern or vegetable motifs - leaves, flowers, berries. Such a pattern is easy to turn out if you make a brush with paint, a trail left or leaflet remains.
- Clothes and handkerchief are often generously shied with a motley - dots and circles that are drawn simply with a tonch.
- The contours of all parts are drawn in black thin solid line or burned out.
Drawn nepheys before painting are ground, after - are usually covered with varnish. Scores may not sign and not covered with varnish, only sometimes decorated with "gold."
