Despite the fact that the 20th century has become a century of the age of the formation of a feminist movement, which has gained a large number of political rights, there are still prohibited professions for women today. Restrictions in the professional sphere are most often associated with severe working conditions.
Why are there any restrictions?
In all cultures of the world, there is a traditional sexual division of labor, which ensures the protection of a woman performing in society a reproductive function of the reproduction of people, from severe conditions when performing certain employment operations. In the 20th century, when women in different countries have ultimately achieved the equations of their political rights with men, there were prohibitions to work with severe working conditions.
Bans appeared in the Epoch of Industrialization in Europe, when industrial production became actively developing in cities. The enterprises most often took to the work of men, as they were not only physically stronger, but also far exceeded women in education and in the presence of special craft skills. Most women traditionally engaged in family did not have the right labor skills and was forced to perform the lowest paid job. At the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the movements of the soul fusion in Europe advocated an increase in female payment and creating more secure working conditions for women.
At the stage of industrialization in many industrial production of the end, the beginning of the 20th centuries there existed a lot of manual hard work:
- in mines;
- in metallurgy
- in the mining and manufacturing industry;
- in blacksmith shops;
- in the chemical industry.
The need for the capitalist industry in the cheap working arms made the owners of enterprises go to attract cheap female strength on unqualified work. At the same time, feminine labor was paid less than male, when performing the same employment operations. European and US suffling began to actively fight for the wage equation and for providing them with political rights that would allow not only to vote during the elections, but also to educate and master the men's professions for which they paid more.
Throughout the 20th century, feminists dismantled in men the right to work with them on equal terms, but despite the success of women in the struggle for the upset of their gender rights, and in the 21st century the professions remained in which they are forbidden to work for a number of objective reasons related to the features of women's Physiology and anatomy. One of the first countries where women were equalized with men with men when taking a job, became the USSR. In 1918, special articles in the Labor Code were introduced in Soviet Russia, which indicated professions that do not allow women's work due to the health of conditions.
At the same time, all Soviet constitutions were laws in which an equal right of men and women was approved. Art. The 19th Constitution of the Russian Federation indicates that men and women today have equal rights and opportunities for their implementation when admission to work, and in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation there are articles about labor protection, including female. They are listed by professions that are forbidden to use women's labor.
The legislators and labor protection in Russia are guided by the fact that the woman forbidding to work in a number of industries, they care, first of all, to preserve women's health and maintain the opportunity to become a mother in the future.
Who can not work in Russia?
In the USSR, a special list of professions in which women cannot be worked out by labor protection in 1932. In 1972, he lay down the basic documents of the Labor Code in the USSR. In 1978, the list was expanded to 431 professions, which were officially recognized as women. This list and after the collapse of the USSR remained virtually unchanged. The list of not female professions in the Russian Federation has been added to the USSR, new, so he increased to 456 positions by 2000.
In the Soviet government, the measures for the ban on the work of women in a number of industries were explained by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Bank, which listed measures aimed at creating relevant working conditions for women working in different industries. In the list of profession, recognized as dangerous for women in 2000, are divided into 38 groups, which included various specialties and types of work in agriculture, in railway, sea, road transport, in the metallurgical industry, chemical production and a number of other areas of the national economy .
Recently, the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation revised the current list, removing from it a number of professions, which today no longer exists, and removing ban on work for women from a number of specialties:
- driver of railway transport;
- truck driver;
- Captain of the sea or river vessel, etc.
Representatives of the Ministry of Labor of Russia indicate that the removal of prohibitions from some professions has become possible due to technical progress, automation and robotization of technological cycles and industries. Now women will be able to work in such professions due to the fact that working conditions significantly improved, as a result of which they decreased to a minimum threat to female health.
The new list will come into effect from January 1, 2021. In it, harmful professions are divided into sectors. In general, a woman in Russia and today is prohibited to work on certain production cycles in a number of industrial industries:
- chemical;
- mining;
- metallurgical;
- metalworking;
- when drilling wells;
- in oil and gas production;
- in black and non-ferrous metallurgy;
- in the production of electronics and radio engineering;
- in the aviation industry;
- in shipbuilding;
- on cellulose-paper production;
- in the cement industry and the production of the progress;
- in the printing industry.
Each group has given lists of specialties for which women cannot work due to severe working conditions. The profession was seized from the list, which no longer exists due to the modernization of production cycles in different industries.
Inaccessible professions in different countries
70 years of the existence of the USSR made many foreign countries review safety and working conditions in which women cannot work. According to modern statistics, despite the active actions of feminists in the modern world, in 104 countries there is a ban on professions and the work of a certain type for women. At the same time, new restrictions do not disappear with the development of technical progress, but only adds.In 2016, World Bank experts submitted information according to which there are more than 150 countries, in whose legislation at least one law is present, limiting the right of a woman to work employment. Bans and restrictions are associated not only with religious and cultural traditions, but also with harmful production, on which women cannot work.
In China
In the PRC as such a ban on heavy work for women is not. They are simply forbidden to study a number of industrial and other specialties:
- mining engineering;
- navigation and navigable business;
- Explosive work and others.
Thanks to this, women initially cannot become potential contenders in those sectors of the economy, where work is associated with increased danger and difficult working conditions.
The only ban on the profession enshrined by law is work in mines where Chinese women cannot get a job in accordance with applicable law.
In Pakistan
In this country, where many women are still engaged in low-paid work, restrictions on women's labor are also undergoing concern for female health. So, the laws of Pakistan prohibit women cleaners to wash the floor and equipment in workshops during working hours, when machines and machines are used. Cleaning can only be done in the evening or at night when the equipment is stopped.In Madagascar
In this country, which relates to one of the poorest, also there are prohibitions for a number of work for women. So, they are forbidden to work at enterprises engaged in the production of electricity at night. It is also forbidden to women to participate in the work related to the preparation, sorting and sale of printing products of various types. It is probably due to the fact that the seal of many publications in this country is carried out by old technologies, which provide for the use of lead.
In Argentina
In this country, Latin America has a number of ban on women in professions related to high levels of tension. They cannot work in the following professions:- machinists on trains;
- firefighters;
- in explosive work;
- in production, where there is a work with flammable substances and metals that can be corrosion;
- in alcohol production;
- in the glass industry;
- in production cycles where toxic substances are present;
- loaders;
- Transportation of hot materials.
In many ways, such a prohibitive list reflects the industrial structure of the Argentine economy, in which there is a large number of harmful industries and modernization has not been carried out for a long time.
In France
In this European country, women are forbidden to work in the specialties associated with lifting weights. The existing labor protection laws prohibit employers to use women on work related to lifting goods over 25 kg manually and more than 45 kg on lifts. For this reason, in France, women do not work by postmen, couriers or loaders. In this country, which is considered the homeland of the movement of the soulist, a woman is difficult to get a job in a purely male specialty. So, when taking a job, a gardener, a driver or an autoslemer, a woman refuse 22% more often than a man.
In general, it can be seen that the prohibitions of the profession are connected, above all, with a physiological aspect. Women in nature cannot carry out a number of heavy physical work related to lifting weights. Bans also concern working conditions that negatively affect the future at the reproductive system of the female organism and can lead to infertility.
Cancellation of prohibitions for a number of professions for women, which occurred in Russia, is explained by improving working conditions, to a minimum of risks for women's health.
