Think, think, to know, create - in each of us, Nature laid this amazing ability. From the moment the human brain appears on the light begins to read information from the outside world, the complex and multifaceted process of thinking launches. What is thinking? His species and their characteristics will consider in this article.
General concept
Since ancient times, people have tried to understand what kind of thinking, as it originates, as it works, how this mysterious mechanism works. Scientists, philosophers tried to reveal the secrets of human consciousness and explore this invisible imperceptible matter. A lot of treatises, books, scientific works and articles are written on this topic. The mental abilities of a person were studied and studied so far by different scientific disciplines, but remain to the end of the unknown . Of course, we also can't make a miracle and disclose as such a phenomenon of the human mind. But take a look at this concept from the standpoint of psychological science and try to understand numerous kinds of thinking and their characteristics.
In psychology there are many definitions of thinking. Discussions regarding this issue are increluent. No need to give all examples and disassemble each of them in detail.
The main thing is that the mind is a unique gift that is inherent only to a person, this is a mental process that allows us to know the world around us. The brain reads information from the outside, analyzes it, makes certain conclusions, on their basis, a person performs actions.
At the very beginning of the life of the individual, the process of cognition seems simple and primitive (of course, only at first glance), but as the growing and mature is increasingly becoming more complicated. The information accumulated over time makes it possible to divide and summarize, invent and reason, design and produce, create and create , create an infinite set of variations and combinations of what is happening in the world. But the basis of all these actions is the opportunity to think this man. And in psychology there is such a concept as a typology of thinking, in which it is divided into types and types, classified into various groups according to certain features.
Classification
A separate subject of study in psychology is the classification and characteristic of thinking. There are many visual tables that die the variety of information on this topic. In their abundance it is difficult to figure out and understand the entire essence of this complex system. Let us still identify several basic groups to which researchers pay special attention. Main types of thinking:By content
This group includes:
- vividly effective;
- visual-shaped;
- subject and effective;
- Abstract-logical thinking.
According to the nature of the tasks
Thinking can be:
- theoretical;
- Practical.
According to the degree of reflection
There are such varieties:- analytic;
- intuitive;
- realistic;
- autistic;
- Egocentric.
According to the degree of novelty
May be:
- productive;
- Reproductive, sometimes called introverted.
According to the degree of arbitrariness
There are such types:
- arbitrary;
- involuntary.
In accordance with personal characteristics
Varieties:
- male;
- female;
- positive;
- negative;
- strategic;
- idealistic;
- irrational;
- rational;
- analytic;
- Rightphan and left-hand;
- synthetic.
Scientists stand out by many more types of thinking, depending on the results of human activity, his mental state, worldview, reality perception, etc.
Each of these species deserves personal attention and is considered in psychology separately, but we will consider only the designated above.
By content
One of the varieties of rich selection allocated by psychologists is classified by content. This group includes visual-effective, figurative, subjectual effective and abstract logical thinking.
- Obviously effective thinking . Individual, facing direct reality, activates this type of reflection. He focuses on a specific perception of objects. Such thinking activity is characteristic of early childhood and begins to develop from infancy. A child who else can not think, talk and do something as an adult, studies the world with the help of touches to subjects and different experiments with them. He tries the world literally his teeth, gnawing them, knocks them on each other, sometimes breaks. Thus, carrying out observation, producing certain manipulations with things, a small person studies the world and makes his first conclusions from the impressions gained. In an adult state, a clear-effective consciousness is characteristic of the manufacturing workers.
- Imagination . It is based on visual images. It begins to develop in children from the middle of preschool age, is dominant until the end of early school age. An adult also throughout life is constantly engaged in visual-shaped perception. The emphasis in this case is made to represent various objects, phenomena, situations, as well as their various transformation and transformations in human imagination.
- Abstract-logical thinking . During the thoughts of this nature, a person operates abstract, distracted, non-specific concepts. This process occurs on the following chain: perception, understanding, understanding, generalization. That is, a person, comprehending for himself the essence, the meaning and significance of something, as a result, creates its individual generalized and abstract opinion regarding objects, phenomena, situations independent of the other members of society.
- Subject-effective thinking It is characteristic to people who have been built and continue to build the world around us. They come up with ideas, embodying them in reality.
These types of mind as if the steps in stages are laying out the path of human development from the diaper and before its full formation as a person.
According to the nature of the tasks
Separately, psychologists describe the types of mental abilities based on the nature of the goals and the tasks performed.
- Theoretical thinking . Existing laws, rules, norms, theories, concepts, exercises - all this and much more is a product of the theoretical thought process that allows you to analyze accumulated knowledge and presentation, compare them, classify and form new ones.
- Empirical thinking - A variety of theoretical thinking. For him, the same features are characterized, but with it, the main role will be played by checking the hypothesis in practice, and not only in theory.
- Practical thinking . Everything is relatively simple here: the fruits of the theory are used in practice, checked in action. All sorts of projects, plans, schemes, goals convert theoretical concepts into real practical reality. As a result of this type of thinking, the disembodied idea through action takes on a tangible shape.
According to the degree of reflection
Reflection - a look at himself, inside itself, deep into his consciousness, as well as on the result of its own actions and their rethinking.
Stripping from this concept, psychologists have identified another group of thinking.
- Analytical thinking . It is capable of separating objects, phenomena, situations and problems on the part, highlighting and studying the most important of them. We observe, compare, we find causal relationships, we draw conclusions, find the main thing and struggling large amounts of information due to analytical abilities. The process of such work is long and consistent.
- Intuitive thinking To some extent is an antipode of analytic, as it passes quickly and unconsciously. There is neither logic nor analysis nor at least some reasonable explanation to what conclusions make a person consciousness at the time of the intuition.
- Realistic thinking . There is no evidence - there is no faith. The realistic perception of reality gives a person the opportunity to think sensitly, soberly, adequately and logical. In the course of such a thought process, a person does not relieve personal expectations and desires, he evaluates the world around us only from the standpoint of reality, truth and fair criticism.
- Autistical thinking , on the contrary, puts illusory desires to the head of the corner, seemingly correct and feasible, even if they are against logic. There is no critical assessment of reality in this type of perception. People of such a warehouse of the mind are often found in the artistic direction of activity and in art.
- Egocentric thinking Developed in children and in adults with overpriced self-esteem, excessive self-confidence, bordering pathological self-love. In children, this is quite a normal phenomenon, as they think that the world around the world is rotating only around them. Children's ego is located in the center of the Universe, and everything that happens is perceived only from the position of the reflector "I".
Egocentric adults have such an understanding of the world and itself is already considered a psychological problem or an incractive character line.
According to the degree of novelty
According to the degree of novelty and originality, a separate place is assigned a creative (productive) and reproductive image of consciousness.- Productive thinking Determines man as a creator. Here the main role is performed by human imagination, imagination. It is creative people who are capable of creating completely new ideas and unprecedented projects. They generate an absolutely unique and original vision of future material and spiritual objects of their work. New concepts and images, no comparable conclusions and conclusions - all these are the fruits of the work of creative consciousness.
- Reproductive thinking - the opposite of productive. This type of knowledge is based solely on the world's already available finished solutions, images, sources and templates. The complete absence of creative imagination and the focus only on the playback of the previously obtained knowledge characterizes this type of mind. It is worth noting that people with a reproductive type of understanding often have an introverted character.
According to the degree of arbitrariness
Eliminate a group of thinking type according to the degree of arbitrary.
Here everything is explained quite simple.
- Arbitrary thinking The person is managed by consciousness and will, the thought process is completely under his control.
- Incoming thinking , on the contrary, exists in itself, does not obey the efforts of the will of the person. All familiar expressions "do on the machine", "involuntarily do", "do without giving yourself a report," so this is the situation when involuntary thinking carries out its functions. The involuntary consciousness is associated with affective components of the human attitude to subjects and phenomena, various situations and problems, that is, with feelings and emotional reactions to the objects of the surrounding world.
Depending on personal features
Allocate a large group of thinking teams, depending on the personal characteristics of each person, which affect the predominance of one or another type of knowledge and perception of the world.
- Male thinking . It is believed that men think logically and straightly, perfectly operate with sign models and systems, as a rule, this process is always aimed at action and result. Men clearly distinguish mind and emotions. In their opinion, feelings are extremely negatively reflected on the transformation of thoughts into a business result. According to one of the versions, it is because there is a lespace type of perception and processing of information in the brain of men. The left hemisphere is responsible for speech, logic, analysis, operations with numbers, sequences, etc. In women, the right hemispheres of the brain dominates in the course of working with information. Right-heading knowledge gives women imagination, dreamence, emotionality, excellent spatial orientation.
- Female thinking It has similarity with intuitive thinking. Emotions of fine sex representatives are always in the first place, so often many conclusions and conclusions are based on feelings and premonitions. Sometimes the mood manages a woman, and the course of her thoughts can change together with changes in the mood. This is just a description of the manifest often trends, but psychologists do not argue that women do not have any logic or rationality. On the contrary, in certain situations, women exhibit not less than in men, the ability to analyze, generalize, plan and meet the situation.
- Positive thinking . Here we are talking about optimism. People with such features of the mind are inclined, even despite the obstacles, see opportunities to achieve their goals. Such personalities can always be sober, realistic, and most importantly, constructively, to assess the situation and tune in to success.
- Negative thinking Property pessimists. They are constantly unhappy with life, constantly complaining about it, see everywhere and in all irresistible obstacles, thereby causing pity and sympathy around.
- Strategic thinking . If you tend to create far-reaching plans and at the same time give clear forecasts, it means you are a strategist. Strictly stick to the goal, effectively assess the path of its achievement and have never been able to minimize people who have a strategic vision of the world with it - as a rule, these are successful businessmen and leaders.
- Idealistic thinking . The idealized idea of the world is inherent idealists. Creating an ideal version of the world in his imagination, they project him for reality. As a rule, a misappression occurs, and the person is very disappointed, refusing to take the world as it is, imperfect and non-ideal.
- Irrational thinking . Irrational people think illogical, give incorrect assessment of phenomena and situations, can not explain why they come in one way or another, but with all this believe that they are doing everything right and able to captivate those who surround their incomprehensible faith. Often it is typical of schizoid disorders.
- Rational thinking . Arguments, facts, knowledge, skills, logic, mind are those foundations that relieve a person with rational intelligence. Emotions, feelings, experiences for such personalities do not matter. They always have a healthy and soberly think, clearly and quickly solve the tasks and find a constructive approach.
- Analytical thinking . The analyst man studies everything that happens around him does not rush, thinking on everything in detail, thoroughly, always establishing the causes of what is happening, since no phenomenon and no situation in his understanding and perception of the world can not be unreasonable.
- Synthesizing thinking . Separate facts, scattered data, increments of information are not a problem for a person with a similar mind. He certainly recreates a full and clear picture, collecting it in pieces. And such complex operations are absolutely not frightened.
Unconscious thinking
A mansion in psychology is such a concept as unconscious thinking. It implies the process of knowledge of the surrounding world unconscious segment of the mind. The unconscious is absolutely beyond its owner, it is not controlled And there is no one in itself. It is collected and stored absolutely all the information, read from the outside throughout the human life. You can compare this process with collecting the details of the designer, only this happens automatically, regardless of our desire and concentration of attention.
Information collected in the subconscious is used when the need to appear in this . The result of the work of the unconscious thinking - it is unconsciously adopted by a person decision . We think that in one way or another we do, because long and persistently sought a logical solution in a particular situation, but do not even suspect the impact on the adoption of this decision of the unconscious. Like the opposite side of the moon, the unconscious thinking is the most unexplored and the most mysterious area of the human mind.
It is safe to assert that it begins to develop intensively in children of preschool age, prevails among younger students and especially dominates first-graders.
Methods for determining the type of thinking
In psychology there are several ways to determine the type of thinking, individual style. Most often for this purpose use the test method . Tests are designed by experienced psychologists based on long research, collecting and systematizing information about the features of each type of intelligence. One of these tests was created according to the method of a well-known American psychologist, the largest researcher of the cognitive processes of Jerome Brison.
There is also a method "Type of thinking", developed by a psychologist Galina Rezalkin, in which it is proposed to answer "yes" or "no" to a number of issues. After that, scores are calculated on the offered scales - it becomes clear what type the person has.
